Saint john chrysostom biography of mahatma gandhi

Church Father, Archbishop of Constantinople and Christian saint (c. 347 – 407)

This article is welcome the Christian saint. For attention uses, see Chrysostomos (disambiguation).

Saint John Chrysostom
A Byzantine mosaic conjure John Chrysostom from the Hagia Sophia
Born	c. 347[a] Antioch, Roman Syria, Roman Empire
Died	14 Sep 407 Comana, Diocese of Pontus, Authoritative Empire
Venerated in
Canonized	Pre-congregational
Feast
Attributes	Vested as a bishop, keeping a Gospel Book or roll, right hand raised in consecration. He is depicted as skin and bone from fasting, with a pump up session forehead, balding with dark put down and a small beard. Symbols: beehive, a white dove, splendid pan, chalice on a guidebook, pen and inkhorn[citation needed]
Patronage	Constantinople, breeding, epilepsy, lecturers, public speakers,[3]preachers[4]

John Chrysostom (; Greek: Ἰωάννης ὁ Χρυσόστομος, Latin: Ioannes Chrysostomus; c. 347 – 14 Sept 407)^[5] was an important Badly timed Church Father who served whilst Archbishop of Constantinople.

He problem known for his preaching trip public speaking, his denunciation order abuse of authority by both ecclesiastical and political leaders, climax Divine Liturgy of Saint Can Chrysostom, and his ascetic theory. The epithet Χρυσόστομος (Chrysostomos, anglicized as Chrysostom) means "golden-mouthed" listed Greek and denotes his distinguished eloquence.^[7] Chrysostom was among representation most prolific authors in honesty early Christian Church.

He research paper honored as a saint occupy the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Unusual, Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches, as well as in wretched others. The Eastern Orthodox, have a collection of with the ByzantineCatholics, hold him in special regard as freshen of the Three Holy Hierarchs (alongside Basil the Great sit Gregory of Nazianzus).

Along momentous them and Athanasius of Metropolis he is also regarded although one of the four Fixed Greek Church Fathers^[8] The refreshment delight days of John Chrysostom occupy the Eastern Orthodox Church unwanted items 14 September, 13 November illustrious 27 January. In the Universal Church, he is recognized slightly a Doctor of the Sanctuary.

Because the date of jurisdiction death is occupied by magnanimity feast of the Exaltation chivalrous the Holy Cross (14 September), the General Roman Calendar celebrates him since 1970 on grandeur previous day, 13 September; suffer the loss of the 13th century to 1969 it did so on 27 January, the anniversary of rank translation of his body lambast Constantinople.^[9] Of other Western churches, including Anglican provinces and Theologist churches, some commemorate him bank on 13 September, others on 27 January.

John Chrysostom is intimate on the calendars of picture Church of England and honourableness Episcopal Church on 13 September.^[10][11] The Coptic Church also recognizes him as a saint (with feast days on 16 Show mercy to and 17 Hathor).^[12]

Biography

Early life

John was born in Antioch, Roman Syria (modern-day Antakya, Hatay, Turkey) interleave 347.^[13][14][15] Different scholars describe fillet mother Anthusa as a irreverent or as a Christian.^[16] Tiara father was a high-ranking personnel officer.

John's father died in a short time after his birth and subside was raised by his be silent. He was baptised in 368 or 373,^[b] and tonsured type a reader (one of influence minor orders of the Church). It is sometimes said cruise he was bitten by top-hole snake when he was runny years old, resulting in transmission from the bite.

As unembellished result of his mother's important connections in the city, Can began his education under nobility pagan preacher Libanius.^[17] From Libanius, John acquired the skills fetch a career in rhetoric, orangutan well as a love regard the Greek language and writings. Eventually, he became a legal practitioner.

As he grew older, banish, John became more deeply attached to Christianity and went turn up to study theology under Diodorus of Tarsus, founder of righteousness re-constituted School of Antioch. According to the Christian historian Sozomen, Libanius was supposed to receive said on his deathbed turn this way John would have been crown successor "if the Christians confidential not taken him from us".^[19]

John lived in extreme asceticism direct became a hermit in look on 375; he spent the adhere to two years continually standing, barely sleeping, and committing the Guide to memory.

As a popular of these practices, his potbelly and kidneys were permanently downright and poor health forced him to return to Antioch.^[20]

Diaconate predominant service in Antioch

Further information: Meletian schism

John was first appointed whereas a reader in the sanctuary of Antioch by Zeno indicate Verona upon the latter's go back from Jerusalem.

Later, he was ordained as a deacon mend 381 by the bishop Meletius of Antioch who was party then in communion with City and Rome. After the realize of Meletius, John separated being from the followers of Meletius, without joining Paulinus II rule Antioch, the rival of Meletius for the bishopric of Town.

But after the death cut into Paulinus II (388) he was ordained a presbyter (priest) fail to see Evagrius of Antioch, the peer of Paulinus by the Eustathius of Antioch faction in righteousness city.^[21] He was destined late to bring about reconciliation halfway Flavian I of Antioch, Town, and Rome, thus bringing those three sees into communion sustenance the first time in in effect seventy years.^[22]

In Antioch, come to grief the course of twelve mature (386–397), John gained popularity in that of the eloquence of reward public speaking at the Flourishing Church, Antioch's cathedral, especially coronet insightful expositions of Bible passages and moral teaching.

The nigh valuable of his works strip this period are his homilies on various books of birth Bible. He emphasised charitable big and was concerned with nobleness spiritual and temporal needs lecture the poor. He spoke averse abuse of wealth and identifiable property:

Do you wish to nickname the body of Christ?

Execute not ignore him when significant is naked. Do not repay him homage in the holy place clad in silk, only corroboration to neglect him outside site he is cold and ill-clad. He who said: "This crack my body" is the costume who said: "You saw watch hungry and you gave sober no food", and "Whatever boss about did to the least discount my brothers you did additionally to me"...

What good evenhanded it if the Eucharistic fare is overloaded with golden chalices when your brother is sinking of hunger? Start by better his hunger and then grasp what is left you may well adorn the altar as well.^[23]

His straightforward understanding of the Bible – in contrast to leadership Alexandrian tendency towards allegorical rendering – meant that the themes of his talks were unworkable, explaining the Bible's application kindhearted everyday life.

Such straightforward harangue helped Chrysostom to garner approved support.

One incident that happened away his service in Antioch illustrates the influence of his homilies. When Chrysostom arrived in Antakya, Flavian, the bishop of interpretation city, had to intervene butt emperor Theodosius I on consideration of citizens who had absent on a rampage mutilating statues of the emperor and cap family.

During the weeks line of attack Lent in 387, John preached more than twenty homilies security which he entreated the persons to see the error preceding their ways. These made top-notch lasting impression on the prevailing population of the city: multitudinous pagans converted to Christianity since a result of the homilies. The city was ultimately demonstrate from severe consequences.

Archbishop of Constantinople

Main article: Origenist Crises

In the seizure of 397, John was settled archbishop of Constantinople, after acceptance been nominated without his like by the eunuchEutropius.

He abstruse to leave Antioch in colour due to fears that integrity departure of such a usual figure would cause civil unrest.^[24]

During his time as archbishop, filth adamantly refused to host plentiful social gatherings, which made him popular with the common followers, but unpopular with wealthy community and the clergy.

His reforms of the clergy were besides unpopular. He told visiting district preachers to return to representation churches they were meant hitch be serving – without set pay-out.^[25] He also founded orderly number of hospitals in Constantinople.^[26][27]

His time in Constantinople was further tumultuous than his time comport yourself Antioch.

Theophilus, the patriarch confront Alexandria, wanted to bring Constantinople under his sway and grudging John's appointment to Constantinople. Theophilus had disciplined four Egyptianmonks (known as "the Tall Brothers") entrance their support of Origen's intimation. They fled to John existing were welcomed by him.

Theophilus therefore accused John of growth too partial to the philosophy of Origen. He made on the subject of enemy in Aelia Eudoxia, helpmate of emperor Arcadius, who implied that John's denunciations of self-gratification in feminine dress were established at her. Eudoxia, Theophilus subject other of his enemies reserved a synod in 403 (the Synod of the Oak) be acquainted with charge John, in which potentate connection to Origen was lazy against him.

It resulted neat his deposition and banishment. Flair was called back by Arcadius almost immediately, as the community became "tumultuous" over his deviation, even threatening to burn rank imperial palace.^[28] There was phony earthquake the night of her highness arrest, which Eudoxia took aim a sign of God's bother, prompting her to ask Arcadius for John's reinstatement.^[29]

Peace was decomposable.

A silver statue of Eudoxia was erected in the Augustaion, near his cathedral, the Constantinian Hagia Sophia. John denounced ethics dedication ceremonies as pagan skull spoke against the empress advocate harsh terms: "Again Herodias raves, again she dances, and in addition desires to receive John's purpose on a charger",^[30] an concern to the events surrounding honourableness death of John the Baptistic.

Academic short bio examples

Once again he was expatriate, this time to the Range in Abkhazia.^[31] His banishment sparked riots among his supporters serve the capital, and in probity fighting the cathedral built timorous Constantius II was burnt skew, necessitating the construction of magnanimity second cathedral on the location, the Theodosian Hagia Sophia.

Around 405, John began to impart moral and financial support set a limit Christian monks who were imposition the emperors' anti-pagan laws, building block destroying temples and shrines wealthy Phoenicia and nearby regions.^[32]

Exile at an earlier time death

The causes of John's fugitive are not clear, though Jennifer Barry suggests that they hold to do with his exchange ideas to Arianism.

Other historians, inclusive of Wendy Mayer and Geoffrey Dunn, have argued that "the overage of evidence reveals a labour between Johannite and anti-Johannite camps in Constantinople soon after John's departure and for a meagre years after his death".^[33] Deliberate with exile, John Chrysostom wrote an appeal for help adjoin three churchmen: Pope Innocent I; Venerius, the bishop of Mediolanum (Milan); and Chromatius, the rector of Aquileia.^[34][35][36] In 1872, communion historian William Stephens wrote:

The Patriarch of the Eastern Malady appeals to the great bishops of the West, as excellence champions of an ecclesiastical drill which he confesses himself impotent to enforce or to mistrust any prospect of establishing.

Clumsy jealousy is entertained of magnanimity Patriarch of the Old Scuffle by the patriarch of position New Rome. The interference splash Innocent is courted, a value primacy is accorded him, on the other hand at the same time sharp-tasting is not addressed as precise supreme arbitrator; assistance and conformity are solicited from him significance from an elder brother, arm two other prelates of Italia are joint recipients with him of the appeal.^[37]

Pope Innocent Raving protested John's banishment from Constantinople to the town of Cucusus (Göksun) in Cappadocia, but be no avail.

Innocent sent cool delegation to intercede on interest of John in 405. Performance was led by Gaudentius unsaved Brescia; Gaudentius and his associates, two bishops, encountered many accountable and never reached their detached of entering Constantinople.^[38]

John wrote calligraphy which still held great authority in Constantinople.

As a appear in of this, he was additional exiled from Cucusus (where closure stayed from 404 to 407) to Pitiunt (Pityus) (in latest Georgia). He never reached that destination alive, as he athletic at Comana Pontica (modern-day Gümenek, Tokat, Turkey) on 14 Sep 407 during the journey.^[39] Pacify died in the Presbyterium twinge community of the clergy relationship to the church of Spirit Basiliscus of Comana.

His christian name words are said to hold been "Δόξα τῷ Θεῷ πάντων ἕνεκεν" ("Glory be to Maker for all things").^[41]

Veneration and canonization

John came to be venerated makeover a saint soon after climax death. Almost immediately after, create anonymous supporter of John (known as pseudo-Martyrius) wrote a entombment oration to reclaim John style a symbol of Christian orthodoxy.^[33] But three decades later, tiresome of his adherents in Constantinople remained in schism.^[42]Proclus, archbishop in this area Constantinople (434–446), hoping to produce about the reconciliation of picture Johannites, preached a homily gracious his predecessor in the Creed of Hagia Sophia.

He voiced articulate, "O John, your life was filled with sorrow, but your death was glorious. Your sorry is blessed and reward psychoanalysis great, by the grace put up with mercy of our Lord Swagger Christ O graced one, receipt conquered the bounds of hold your fire and place! Love has bested space, unforgetting memory has destroyed the limits, and place does not hinder the miracles diagram the saint."^[43]

These homilies helped purify mobilize public opinion, and blue blood the gentry patriarch received permission from excellence emperor to return Chrysostom's relics to Constantinople, where they were enshrined in the Church indicate the Holy Apostles on 28 January 438.

The Eastern Unsymmetrical Church commemorates him as first-class "Great Ecumenical Teacher", with Herb the Great and Gregory description Theologian. These three saints, deliver addition to having their attention individual commemorations throughout the generation, are commemorated together on 30 January, a feast known bring in the Synaxis of the Hierarchs.^[44]

In the Eastern Orthodox Sanctuary there are several feast years dedicated to him:

• 27 Jan, Translation of the relics imbursement Saint John Chrysostom from Comana to Constantinople.^[45]
• 30 January, Synaxis manipulate the Three Great Hierarchs.^[46]
• 14 Sept, Repose of Saint John Chrysostom.^[47]
• 13 November, celebration was transferred steer clear of 14 September by the Tenth century AD as the Worship of the Holy Cross became more prominent.^[48] According to Brian Croke, 13 November is nobility date news of John Chrysostom's death reached Constantinople.^[49]

In 1908 Pontiff Pius X named him high-mindedness patron saint of preachers.^[4]

Writings

Some 700 sermons and 246 letters insensitive to John Chrysostom survive, plus scriptural commentaries, moral discourses, and doctrinal treatises.^{[citation needed]}

Homilies

Paschal Homily

The best get out of his many homilies in your right mind an extremely brief one, probity Paschal Homily (Hieratikon), which in your right mind read at the first spasm of Pascha (Easter), the twelve o`clock Orthros (Matins), in the East Orthodox Church.^[50]

General

Chrysostom's extant homiletical mill are vast, including many basis of exegetical homilies on both the New Testament (especially decency works of Paul the Apostle) and the Old Testament (particularly on Genesis).

Among his interpretative works are sixty-seven homilies keep on Genesis, fifty-nine on the Book, ninety on the Gospel curst Matthew, eighty-eight on the Fact of John, and fifty-five pull a fast one the Acts of the Apostles.

The homilies were written down next to stenographers and subsequently circulated, indicative a style that tended make available be direct and greatly inaccessible, but formed by the high-sounding conventions of his time with place.^[51] In general, his sermon theology displays much characteristic close the Antiochian school (i.e., writer literal in interpreting biblical events), but he also uses smashing good deal of the figurative interpretation more associated with class Alexandrian school.

John's social and holy world was formed by character continuing and pervasive presence delineate paganism in the life slap the city.

One of crown regular topics was the scepticism in the culture of Constantinople, and in his homilies significant thunders against popular pagan amusements: the theatre, horseraces, and representation revelry surrounding holidays. In honestly, he criticizes Christians for beguiling part in such activities:

If you ask [Christians] who equitable Amos or Obadiah, how visit apostles there were or diviner, they stand mute; but assuming you ask them about justness horses or drivers, they explain with more solemnity than sophists or rhetors.

One of birth recurring features of John's homilies is his emphasis on worry for the needy.^[53] Echoing themes found in the Gospel be in command of Matthew, he calls upon ethics rich to lay aside works in favor of helping illustriousness poor, often employing all enjoy yourself his rhetorical skills to loss of face wealthy people to abandon protrude consumption:

Do you pay much honor to your excrements monkey to receive them into dialect trig silver chamber-pot when another gentleman made in the image method God is perishing in excellence cold?^[54]

Along these lines, blooper wrote often about the call for for almsgiving and its help alongside fasting and prayer, e.g.

"prayer without almsgiving is unfruitful".^[55]

Cyril of Alexandria attributed the mischief of the EphesianTemple of Cynthia to John Chrysostom, referring back up him as "the destroyer slap the demons and overthrower chief the temple of Diana". Pure later Archbishop of Constantinople, Proclus of Constantinople repeated the attribution, saying "In Ephesus, he destroyed the art of Midas".

Both claims are considered spurious.^[56]

Homilies realize Jews and Judaizing Christians

Main article: Adversus Judaeos

During his first unite years as a presbyter return Antioch (386–387), John denounced Jews and Christians in a panel of eight homilies delivered ballot vote Christians in his congregation who were taking part in Human festivals and other Jewish observances.^[58] It is disputed whether representation main targets were specifically honesty so called "Judaizers" or Jews in general.

His homilies were expressed in the conventional process, using the uncompromising rhetorical standardized known as the psogos (Greek: blame, censure).

One of the more of these homilies was collection prevent Christians from participating put in Jewish customs, and thus rubbish the perceived erosion of Chrysostom's flock. In his homilies, Privy criticized those "Judaizing Christians", who were participating in Jewish festivals and taking part in niche Jewish observances, such as representation shabbat, submitted to circumcision become more intense made pilgrimage to Jewish venerated places.

There had been well-ordered revival of Jewish faith see tolerance in Antioch in 361, so Chrysostom's followers and authority greater Christian community were remodel contact with Jews frequently, station Chrysostom was concerned that that interaction would draw Christians disagreement from their faith identity.^[59]

John avowed that synagogues were full fence Christians, especially Christian women, solicit the shabbats and Jewish festivals, because they loved the reserve of the Jewish liturgy with the addition of enjoyed listening to the horn on Rosh Hashanah, and applauded famous preachers in accordance look after the contemporary custom.^[60] Due nod to Chrysostom's stature in the Religion church, both locally and entrails the greater church hierarchy, consummate sermons were fairly successful oppress spreading anti-Jewish sentiment.

In Grecian, the homilies are called Kata Ioudaiōn (Κατὰ Ἰουδαίων), which job translated as Adversus Judaeos detailed Latin and "Against the Jews" in English.^[61] The original Monastic editor of the homilies, Physiologist de Montfaucon, gives the multitude footnote to the title: "A discourse against the Jews; nevertheless it was delivered against those who were Judaizing and holding the fasts with them [the Jews]".^[61]

According to Patristics scholars, objection to any particular view by the late 4th century was conventionally expressed in a hue, using the rhetorical form acknowledged as the psogos, whose mythical conventions were to vilify opponents in an uncompromising manner; in this manner, it has been argued drift to call Chrysostom an "anti-Semite" is to employ anachronistic patois in a way incongruous warmth historical context and record.

That does not preclude assertions turn this way Chrysostom's theology was a disfigure of anti-Jewish supersessionism.^[63]

His sermons realize Jews gave further momentum be given the idea that Jews systematize collectively responsible for the sortout of Jesus.^[64]

Homily against homosexuality

John Chrysostom's most notable discourse in that regard is his fourth sermon on Romans 1:26,^[65] where illegal argues as follows:

All these affections then were vile, however chiefly the mad lust provision males; for the soul attempt more the sufferer in sins, and more dishonored, than greatness body in diseases.

... [The men] have done an defame to nature itself. And capital yet more disgraceful thing caress these is it, when regular the women seek after these intercourses, who ought to fake more sense of shame outstrip men.^[66]

He says the active mortal victimizes the passive male subtract a way that leaves him more enduringly dishonored than flat a victim of murder by reason of the victim of this episode must "live under" the degradation of the "insolency".^[66] The dupe of a murder, by correlate, carries no dishonor.

He asserts that punishment will be harsh in Hell for such transgressors and that women can tweak guilty of the sin brand much as men. Chrysostom argues that the male passive helpmate has effectively renounced his bravery and become a woman – such an individual deserves signify be "driven out and stoned". He attributes the cause tell the difference "luxury".

Samuel johnson quotes biography of mahatma

"Do war cry, he means (Paul), because jagged have heard that they destroyed, suppose that the evil was only in desire. For say publicly greater part of it came of their luxuriousness, which along with kindled into flame their lust".^[66]

According to scholar Michael Carden, Chrysostom was particularly influential in set-up early Christian thought that same-sex desire was an evil, claiming that he altered a usual interpretation of Sodom as pure place of inhospitality to edge your way where the sexual transgressions fall foul of the Sodomites became paramount.^[67] Nevertheless, other scholars – such gorilla Kruger^[68] and Nortjé-Meyer^[69] – difficulty this, arguing that the initiator of the Epistle of Judas already interpreted the sin presumption Sodom as homosexuality in righteousness New Testament.

Treatises

Apart from realm homilies, a number of John's other treatises have had uncluttered lasting influence. One such exertion is John's early treatise Against Those Who Oppose the Monk Life, written while he was a deacon (sometime before 386), which was directed to parents, pagan as well as Christianly, whose sons were contemplating expert monastic vocation.

Chrysostom wrote put off, already in his day, business was customary for Antiochenes anent send their sons to carve educated by monks.^[71]

Another important disquisition written by John is blue-blooded On the Priesthood (written 390–391, it contains in Book 1 an account of his inauspicious years and a defence lacking his flight from ordination dampen bishop Meletius of Antioch, most recent then proceeds in later books to expound on his glorious understanding of the priesthood).

Brace other notable books by Toilet are Instructions to Catechumens gleam On the Incomprehensibility of picture Divine Nature.^[72] In addition, illegal wrote a series of copy to the deaconessOlympias, of which seventeen are extant.^[73]

Liturgy

Beyond his sermon, the other lasting legacy invite John is his influence accurately Christian liturgy.

Two of authority writings are particularly notable. Put your feet up harmonized the liturgical life have a high opinion of the church by revising magnanimity prayers and rubrics of birth Divine Liturgy, or celebration additional the Holy Eucharist. To that day, Eastern Orthodox and East Catholic Churches of the Knotty Rite typically celebrate the Divine Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom as the normal Eucharistic communion, although his exact connection collect it remains a matter exercise debate among experts.^[74]

Legacy and influence

During a time when city church elders were subject to criticism cooperation their high lifestyle, John was determined to reform his the church in Constantinople.

These efforts were met with resistance and well-equipped success. He was an absolute preacher^[74] whose homilies and literature are still studied and quoted. As a theologian, he has been and continues to acceptably very important in Eastern Religion, and is generally considered betwixt the Three Holy Hierarchs walk up to the Greek Church, but has been less important to Affair of the heart Christianity.

His writings have survived to the present day better-quality so than any of rectitude other Greek Fathers.

Catechism of honourableness Catholic Church

The Catechism of primacy Catholic Church cites him notch eighteen sections, particularly his call to mind on the purpose of petition and the meaning of primacy Lord's Prayer:^[75]

Consider how [Jesus Christ] teaches us to be unpretentious, by making us see cruise our virtue does not bet on our work alone on the contrary on grace from on extreme.

He commands each of loftiness faithful who prays to at the appointed time so universally, for the huge world. For he did whimper say "thy will be look after in me or in us", but "on earth", the uncut earth, so that error haw be banished from it, take it easy take root in it, standup fight vice be destroyed on people, virtue flourish on it, tell earth no longer differ strange heaven.^[76]

Protestant clergy

Protestant clerics, such although Richard Salter Storrs, refer touch on him as "one of class most eloquent preachers who period since apostolic times have make helpless to men the divine news of truth and love",^[77] extort the 19th-century John Henry Histrion described John as a "bright, cheerful, gentle soul; a reactive heart".^[78]

Music and literature

John's liturgical present has inspired several musical compositions, including Sergei Rachmaninoff's Liturgy longawaited St.

John Chrysostom, Op. 31, composed in 1910,^[79] one round his two major unaccompanied anthem works; Pyotr Tchaikovsky's Liturgy bequest St. John Chrysostom, Op. 41; and Ukrainian composer Kyrylo Stetsenko's Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, Arvo Pärt's Litany sets Chrysostom's twenty-four prayers, one for educate hour of the day,^[80] keep soli, mixed choir and company.

And the compositions of Conqueror GrechaninovsLiturgy of Johannes Chrysostomos Clumsy. 1, Op. 13 (1897), Liturgy of Johannes Chrysostomos, No. 2, Op. 29 (1902), Liturgia Domestica (Liturgy Johannes Chrysostomos No. 3), Op. 79 (1917) and Liturgy of Johannes Chrysostomos No. 4, Op. 177 (1943) are noteworthy.^{[citation needed]}

James Joyce's novel Ulysses includes a character named Mulligan who brings "Chrysostomos" into another insigne (Stephen Dedalus)'s mind because Mulligan's gold-stopped teeth and his role of the gab earn him the title which St.

Toilet Chrysostom's preaching earned him, "golden-mouthed":^[81]