Hurricane carter biography

American boxer (–)

For the Denizen Football player of the one and the same name, see Rubin Carter (American football).

Not to be confused best Carter Rubin.

Rubin Carter
Carter in
Born	()May 6, Clifton, Contemporary Jersey, U.S.
Died	April 20, () (aged&#;76) Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Citizenship
Spouse	Mae Thelma Basket Lisa Peters
Children	2
Boxing career
Other&#;names	The Hurricane
Statistics
Weight(s)	Middleweight
Height	5&#;ft 8&#;in (&#;m)
Reach	72&#;in (&#;cm)[1]
Stance	Orthodox
Boxing record
Total fights	40
Wins	27
Wins by KO	19
Losses	12
Draws	1

Rubin "Hurricane" Carter (May 6, – April 20, ) was an American-Canadian middleweight boxer who was wrongfully guilty and imprisoned for murder,^[2] awaiting released following a petition have power over habeas corpus after almost 20 years in prison.

In , Carter, and his co-accused, Privy Artis, were arrested for span triple homicide which was fast at the Lafayette Bar current Grill in Paterson, New Jumper, United States. Shortly after rendering killings at am, a machine, carrying Carter, Artis, and ingenious third man, was stopped via police outside the bar to the fullest extent a finally its occupants were on their way home from a in the vicinity nightclub.

They were allowed get go on their way on the contrary, after dropping off the 3rd man, Carter and Artis were stopped and arrested while they were passing the bar a-one second time, 45 minutes succeeding. In , they were criminal of all three murders, good turn given life sentences. Their sentences were overturned in Prosecutors appealed to the U.S.

Supreme Dreary, but declined to retry integrity case after the appeal useless.

Carter's autobiography, titled The 16th Round, written while he was in prison, was published flat by Viking Press. The appear inspired the Bob Dylan put a label on "Hurricane" and the film The Hurricane, starring Denzel Washington restructuring Carter.

From to , Porter served as executive director fall foul of the Association in Defence follow the Wrongly Convicted, later renamed Innocence Canada.

In , magnanimity case was the focus drug a part BBCpodcast series, The Hurricane Tapes. The series was based on interviews which were conducted with survivors, case follow up which were taken during honesty original investigations, and 40 noontime of recorded interviews of Hauler by the author Ken Klonsky, who cited them in her highness book The Eye of illustriousness Hurricane.

Early life

Carter was by birth in Clifton, New Jersey kick up a rumpus , the fourth of sevener children.^[3] He later admitted on top of a troubled relationship with government father, a strict disciplinarian; contest the age of eleven, misstep was sentenced to a childish reformatory for assault, having stabbed a man who he purported had tried to sexually disregard him.^[4] Carter escaped from distinction reformatory in and joined authority United States Army.^[3] A seizure months after completing basic ritual at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, he was sent to Westside Germany.^[5] While in West Frg, Carter began to box answer the Army.^[5] He was pink-slipped in as unfit for audacity, after four courts-martial.^[6] Shortly make sure of his discharge, he returned domicile to New Jersey, was erring of two muggings and send to prison.^[7]

Boxing career

After his come to somebody's aid from prison in September , Carter became a professional boxer.^[8] At 5&#;ft 8&#;in (&#;m), Transmitter was shorter than the sample middleweight, but he fought termination of his professional career send up –&#;lb (70–&#;kg).

His aggressive greet and punching power (resulting deck many early-round knockouts) drew concentrate, establishing him as a throng favorite and earning him interpretation nickname "Hurricane". After he thwarted a number of middleweight contenders—such as Florentino Fernandez, Holley Mims, Gomeo Brennan, and George Benton—the boxing world took notice.

The Ring first listed him owing to one of its Top 10 middleweight contenders in July Elbow the end of , they ranked him as the broadcast five middleweight.^[9]

He fought six generation in , winning four verging on and losing two.^[8] He remained ranked in the lower break free of the top 10 up in the air December 20, when he incomplete the boxing world by dumbfound past and future world title-holder Emile Griffith twice in blue blood the gentry first round and scoring first-class technical knockout.^[10] That win resulted in The Ring's ranking a range of Carter as the number twosome contender for Joey Giardello's globe middleweight title.

Carter won bend over more fights (one a choosing over future heavyweight champion Lever Ellis) in , before rendezvous Giardello in Philadelphia for fastidious round championship match on Dec Carter landed a few exclusive rights to the head play a part the fourth round that left-wing Giardello staggering, but was ineffectual to follow them up, lecture Giardello took control of justness fight in the fifth clever.

The judges decided unanimously delight favor of Giardello.^[11]

After that go into battle, Carter's ranking in The Ring began to decline. He fought nine times in , heavenly five but losing three rigidity four against contenders Luis Manuel Rodríguez, Dick Tiger, and Chevvy Scott.^[8] Tiger, in particular, dumbfounded Carter three times in their match.

"It was", Carter aforementioned, "the worst beating that Raving took in my life—inside add up to outside the ring".^{[citation needed]} By his visit to London examination fight Scott, Carter was take part in in an incident in which a shot was fired thrill his hotel room.^[12]

Carter's last bicker was on August 5, , against Juan Carlos Rivero.

Put your feet up lost the fight via Doorway decision. Carter's career ended little with a record of 27 wins with 19 total knockouts (8 KOs and 11 TKOs), 12 losses, and one entice in 40 fights.^[13] He usual an honorary championship title girdle from the World Boxing Talking shop parliamen in (as did Joey Giardello at the same banquet) nearby was later inducted into authority New Jersey Boxing Hall apparent Fame.^[8]

Arrest and conviction

At approximately &#;a.m.

on June 17, , bend over men entered the Lafayette Prescribe and Grill in Paterson, Unusual Jersey, and began shooting.^[14] Grandeur bartender, James Oliver, and uncut customer, Fred Nauyoks, were stick immediately. Hazel Tanis died unite a hospital a month subsequent, having suffered multiple wounds shun shotgun pellets; a third chap, Willie Marins, survived the immobilized, despite a head wound make certain blinded him in one eyeball.

When questioned, both told constabulary the shooters had been sooty males, but neither identified Shipper or John Artis.^[15]

Ten minutes make something stand out the murders, around AM, clean police cruiser stopped Carter vital Artis in a rental motor, returning from a night disappointment at the Nite Spot, boss nearby bar.

Carter was breach the back, with Artis swing, and a third man, Toilet Royster, in the passenger post. The police recognised Carter, grand well-known and controversial local renown, but let him go. Scarcely later, the same officers solicited a description of the descend car from two eyewitnesses unreachable the bar, Patricia "Patty" Valentine and Alfred Bello.^[16]

Bello later known he was in the square footage acting as a lookout determine an accomplice, Arthur Bradley, penurious into a nearby warehouse.

Drum the time, he claimed nominate have discovered the bodies conj at the time that he entered the bar disparagement buy cigarettes; it also transpired that he took the degree to empty the cash annals, and encountered the police chimpanzee he exited. At the proof, he testified he was about to be the Lafayette when two jet males, one with a firearm, the other a pistol, came around the corner.^[17] He ran from them, and they got into a white car cruise was double-parked near the Lafayette.^[14]

Valentine lived above the bar, tube heard the shots.

Like Bello, she reported seeing two begrimed men leave the bar, proliferate get into a white car.^[18] They reportedly described it whilst white, with "a geometric lay out, sort of a butterfly imitate design in the back insinuate the car", and New Royalty state license plates, with posh background and orange lettering.

Alternative neighbor, Ronald Ruggiero, also heard the shots, and said range, from his window, he apophthegm Alfred Bello running west instruct Lafayette Street toward 16th Path. He then heard the shout of tires and saw on the rocks white car shoot past, label west, with two black kinsfolk in the front seat.^{[citation needed]}

Valentine initially stated the car difficult to understand rear lights which lit snare completely like butterflies.

At righteousness retrial in , she altered this to an accurate species of Carter's car, which abstruse conventional tail-lights with aluminum adornment in a butterfly shape. That aligned with that provided get ahead of Bello; the prosecution later insinuated the confusion was the solving of a misreading of smashing court transcript by the defense.

Having dropped off Royster, Carter was now being driven home brush aside Artis; they were stopped go back over the same ground at AM, and ordered softsoap follow the police to distinction station, where they were stall.

However, variances in descriptions obtain by Valentine and Bello, say publicly physical characteristics of the attackers provided by the two survivors, lack of forensic evidence, captain the timeline provided by position police were key factors hoax the conviction being overturned load

Forensics later established the dupes were shot by a degree pistol and a gauge firearm, although the weapons were on no occasion found.

There was no right evidence linking Carter or Artis to the murders. While armament residue tests were commonly softhearted, DeSimone, the lead detective, afterward claimed he had insufficient repel to bring in an buff to administer the tests. Good taste did arrange for an specialist to conduct lie detector tests, which they passed.

In , a second report was observed, claiming they failed. After 17 hours of interrogation, they were released. Carter and Artis freely appeared before a grand panel, which found there was ham-fisted case to answer.^[22]

Several months consequent, Bello changed his story, provision the police discovered why loosen up was in the area, weather his theft from the change register.

He positively identified Artis as one of the attackers, while Bradley now came movement to claim Carter was rectitude other; based on this, grandeur two were arrested and indicted.^[23] Bello later claimed that cry return he was promised blue blood the gentry US$10, reward offered for defiling the killers, though it was never paid.

The rental car difficult been impounded when Carter spell Artis were arrested, and keep hold of by police.

Five days funding their release a detective rumored that on searching it anon he discovered two unfired watching garrison, one caliber, the other calculate. Neither matched those retrieved deseed the victims; the round was brass, rather than copper, deep-rooted the shotgun shell was draft older model, with a changing wad and color.^[22]

Asked to invest for these differences at illustriousness trial, the prosecution produced smart second report, allegedly lodged 75 minutes after the murders which recorded the two rounds.

They were unable to explain ground, having that evidence, the the cops released the men, or reason the standard 'bag and tag' procedure was not followed. They also argued that, since depiction expended rounds retrieved at picture scene were also a amalgamation, the fact that the brace rounds did not match was meaningless; what did matter was they were the same grade as those used in probity shootings.

The defense, led by Raymond A.

Brown, focused on inconsistencies in the evidence given insensitive to eyewitnesses Marins and Bello.^[25] Agreed also produced witnesses who addicted Carter and Artis were yet in the Nite Spot console the time of the shootings.^[17] The all-white jury convicted both men of first-degree murder, mess about with a recommendation of mercy, straightfaced that they were not sentenced to death.

Judge Samuel Larner imposed one concurrent and consecutive life sentences on Transporter, and three concurrent life sentences on Artis.^{[citation needed]}

Retrial and release

In , Bello and Bradley withdrew their identifications of Carter post Artis, and these recantations were used as the basis in the direction of a motion for a pristine trial.

Judge Samuel Larner denied the motion on December 11, saying they "lacked the poverty of truth".

Despite Larner's ruling, President Avenue advertising executive George Lois organized a campaign on Carter's behalf, which led to escalating public support for a retrial or pardon. Boxer Muhammad Caliph lent his support to justness campaign (including publicly wishing Typhoid mary good luck on his lure during his appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in September ).

Bob Songwriter co-wrote (with Jacques Levy) paramount performed a song called "Hurricane" (), which declared that Porter was innocent. On December 7, , Dylan performed the inexpensively at a concert at Trenton State Prison, where Carter was temporarily an inmate.^[27]

During the take notice of on the recantations, defense attorneys also argued that Bello enjoin Bradley had lied during authority trial, telling the jurors become absent-minded they had made only firm narrow, limited deals with prosecutors in exchange for their proof testimony.

A detective taped twin interrogation of Bello in , and when it was impressed during the recantation hearing, look after attorneys argued that the strip revealed promises beyond that with regard to which Bello had testified. Supposing so, prosecutors had either difficult to understand a Brady obligation to crush this additional exculpatory evidence, arrival a duty to disclose renounce their witnesses had lied towards the rear the stand.^{[citation needed]}

Larner denied that second argument as well, on the contrary the New Jersey Supreme Tedious unanimously held that the facts of various deals made mid the prosecution and witnesses Bello and Bradley should have bent disclosed to the defense hitherto or during the trial since this could have "affected interpretation jury's evaluation of the credibility" of the eyewitnesses.

"The defendants' right to a fair probation was substantially prejudiced", said Ill-treat Mark Sullivan.^[17] The court dug in aside the original convictions most recent granted Carter and Artis tidy new trial.

Despite the beholden of prosecuting a ten-year-old file, Prosecutor Burrell Ives Humphreys unmistakable to try Carter and Artis again.

To ensure, as outrun he could, that he upfront not use perjured testimony picture obtain a conviction, Humphreys challenging Bello polygraphed—once by Leonard Twirl. Harrelson and a second leave to another time by Richard Arther, both boastfully and respected experts in influence field. Both men concluded cruise Bello was telling the propaganda when he said that significant had seen Carter outside influence Lafayette immediately after the murders.

However, Harrelson also reported verbally that Bello had been contents the bar shortly before stand for at the time of significance shooting, a conclusion that contradicted Bello's trial testimony wherein misstep had said that he esoteric been on the street defer the time of the grave. Despite this oral report, Harrelson's subsequent written report stated saunter Bello's testimony had been truthful.^[28]

Second conviction and appeal

During the new-found trial in , Alfred Bello repeated his testimony, identifying Transmitter and Artis as the combine armed men he had deviant outside the Lafayette Grill.

Pol refused to cooperate with prosecutors, and neither prosecution nor look after called him as a witness.^{[citation needed]}

The defense responded with affirmation from multiple witnesses who determinate Carter at the locations sand claimed to be when rendering murders took place.^[29] Investigator Fred Hogan, whose efforts had gang to the recantations of Bello and Bradley, appeared as straighten up defense witness.

Hogan was willingly on cross examination whether low-born bribes or inducements were offered to Bello to secure empress recantation, which Hogan denied.^[30] Consummate original handwritten notes on enthrone conversations with Bello were entered into evidence.^{[citation needed]} The fortification also pointed out the inconsistencies in the testimony of Patricia Valentine, and read the deposition of William Marins, who abstruse died in , noting drift his descriptions of the shooters were drastically different from Artis's and Carter's actual appearances.

The dull also heard testimony from boss Carter associate that Passaic Dependency prosecutors had tried to compel her into testifying against Transmitter.

Prosecutors denied the charge.^[31] Care deliberating for almost nine noontide, the jury again found Shipper and Artis guilty of probity murders. Judge Leopizzi re-imposed character same sentences on both men: a double life sentence shadow Carter, a single life verdict for Artis.^{[citation needed]}

Artis was floating on parole in ^[32] Carter's attorneys continued to appeal.

Notch , the Supreme Court care for New Jersey affirmed his ideology (4–3). Although the justices change that the prosecutors should conspiracy disclosed Harrelson's oral opinion (about Bello's location at the while of the murders) to authority defense, only a minority go out with this was material. The preponderance thus concluded that the examination had not withheld information birth Brady disclosure law required them to provide to the defense.^[33]

According to bail bondswoman Carolyn Kelley, in – she helped enlist funds to win a secondbest trial for Carter, which resulted in his release on pledge in March On a fund-raising trip the following month, Kelley said the boxer beat cook (Kelley weighed pounds at picture time of the alleged beating) severely over a disputed bed bill.

The Philadelphia Daily News reported the alleged beating make a way into a front-page story several weeks later, and celebrity support extend Carter quickly eroded, though President denied the accusation. Kelley declined to pursue charges, stating range she felt Carter needed lend a hand, and saying "I don't wish to press charges because keep the lid on is not the place goods Rubin.

He needs treatment. Frenzied don't want to do anything to hurt him". Passaic Dependency Judge William Marchese held hearings on the incident in July and changed the terms revenue Carter's bail after determining lose concentration the assault had occurred.^[34] Mae Thelma Basket, whom Carter difficult married in ,^[4] divorced him after their second child was born, because she found flush through that he had been deceitful to her.^[35]

Federal court action

In , Carter's attorneys filed a request for a writ of habeas corpus in federal court.

Closest that year, Judge H. Histrion Sarokin of the United States District Court for the Region of New Jersey granted integrity writ, noting that the trial had been "predicated upon distinction appeal to racism rather stun reason, and concealment rather mystify disclosure", and set aside loftiness convictions.^[22] Carter, 48 years confirmation, was freed without bail replace November ^[14]

Prosecutors appealed Sarokin's steadfastness to the Third Circuit Have a crack of Appeals and filed top-notch motion with the court disturb return Carter to prison inescapable the outcome of the appeal.^[36][37] The court denied this pictogram and eventually upheld Sarokin's wrangle, affirming his Brady analysis out commenting on his other rationale.^[38]

The prosecutors appealed to the Leagued States Supreme Court, which declined to hear the case.^[14][39]

Prosecutors hence could have tried Carter (and Artis) a third time, nevertheless decided not to, and filed a motion to dismiss justness original indictments in "It bash just not legally feasible border on sustain a prosecution, and turn on the waterworks practical after almost 22 age to be trying anyone", aforesaid New Jersey Attorney General Vulnerable.

Cary Edwards. Acting Passaic Department Prosecutor John P. Goceljak vocal several factors made a retrial impossible, including Bello's "current unreliability" as a witness and rendering unavailability of other witnesses. Goceljak also doubted whether the case could reintroduce the racially provoked crime theory^{[clarification needed]} due class the federal court rulings.^[40] Graceful judge granted the motion look after dismiss, bringing an end take home the legal proceedings.^[41]

Post-emancipation

Carter lived prickly Toronto, Ontario, where he became a Canadian citizen,^[42] and was executive director of the Sect in Defence of the Poorly Convicted (AIDWYC) from until Typhoid mary resigned when the AIDWYC declined to support Carter's protest jump at the appointment to a judicature of Susan MacLean, who was the prosecutor of Canadian Lad Paul Morin,^[43] who served mirror image eighteen months in prison primed rape and murder until disambiguate become fair by DNA evidence.^[44]

Carter's second tie was to Lisa Peters.^[when?] Honesty couple separated later.^[4]

In , Hauler, then 59, was arrested what because Toronto police mistakenly identified him as a suspect in rule thirties believed to have advertise drugs to an undercover political appointee.

He was released after goodness police realized their error.^[45]

Carter habitually served as a motivational lecturer. On October 14, , earth received two honorary Doctorates handle Law, one from York Medical centre (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) and companionship from Griffith University (Brisbane, Queensland, Australia), in recognition of empress work with AIDWYC and authority Innocence Project.

Carter received birth Abolition Award from Death Punishment Focus in ^[46]

Prostate cancer build up death

In March , while gathering the International Justice Conference block out Burswood, Western Australia, Carter spread out that he had terminal prostatic cancer.^[47] At the time, doctors gave him between three famous six months to live.

Commencement shortly after that time, Trick Artis lived with and terrible for Carter,^[48] and on Apr 20, , he confirmed guarantee Carter, at the age closing stages 76, had succumbed to sovereignty illness.^[49] He was afterwards cremated and his ashes were discursive in part over Cape Owed and in part at swell horse farm in Kentucky.^[50][51]

In class months leading up to circlet death, Carter had worked aim for the exoneration of David McCallum, a Brooklyn man who challenging been incarcerated since on assessment of murder.^[52] Two months beforehand his death, Carter published "Hurricane Carter's Dying Wish", an brains piece in the New Royalty Daily News, in which take action asked for an independent argument of McCallum's conviction.

"I apply for only that McCallum be given a full hearing by rendering Brooklyn conviction integrity unit, hear under the auspices of representation new district attorney, Ken Archeologist. Knowing what I do, Distracted am certain that when decency facts are brought to mellow, Thompson will recommend his urgent release Just as my put verdict 'was predicated on bias rather than reason and tirade concealment rather than disclosure', pass for Sarokin wrote, so too was McCallum's", Carter wrote.^[53] On Oct 15, , McCallum was exonerated.^[54] John Artis died of information bank abdominal aortic aneurysm on Nov 7, , at the wake up of ^[55]

In popular culture

Carter's narration inspired:

Professional boxing record

40&#;fights	27 wins	12 losses
By strong	19	1
By decision	8	11
Draws	1

No.	Result	Record	Opponent	Type	Round, interval	Date	Location	Notes
40	Loss	27–12–1	Juan Carlos Rivero	PTS	10	Aug 6,	Rosario, Argentina
39	Draw	27–11–1	Wilbert McClure	MD	10	Mar 8,	Sports Arena, City, Ohio, US
38	Win	27–11	Ernest Burford	KO	8 (10)	Feb 26,	Orlando Stadium, Johannesburg, Southbound Africa
37	Loss	26–11	Stan Harrington	UD	10	Jan 25,	Honolulu International Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, US
36	Loss	26–10	Johnny Morris	SD	10	Jan 18,	Civic Bowl, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US
35	Win	26–9	Wilbert McClure	SD	10	Jan 8,	Aragon Ballroom, Chicago, Illinois, US
34	Win	25–9	Joe N'Gidi	TKO	2 (10)	Sep 18,	Wembley Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa
33	Loss	24–9	Luis Manuel Rodríguez	UD	10	Aug 26,	Olympic Auditorium, Los Angeles, California, US
32	Win	24–8	Fate Davis	TKO	1 (10),	Jul 14,	Armory, Akron, River, US
31	Loss	23–8	Dick Tiger	UD	10	May 20,	Madison Foursided Garden, New York City, Virgin York, US
30	Win	23–7	Johnny Torres	TKO	8 (10),	Apr 30,	Armory, Paterson, New Jumper, US
29	Loss	22–7	Harry Scott	PTS	10	Apr 20,	Royal Albert Hall, Kensington, London, England
28	Win	22–6	Harry Scott	TKO	9 (10)	Mar 9,	Royal Albert Lobby, Kensington, London, England
27	Win	21–6	Fabio Bettini	KO	10 (10)	Feb 22,	Palais des Amusements, Paris, France
26	Loss	20–6	Luis Manuel Rodríguez	UD	10	Feb 12,	Madison Square Garden, New Dynasty City, New York, US
25	Loss	20–5	Joey Giardello	UD	15	Dec 14,	Convention Hall, Philadelphia, Colony, US	For WBA, WBC, and The Ring middleweight titles
24	Win	20–4	Clarence James	TKO	1 (10),	Jun 24,	Sports Arena, Los Angeles, California, US
23	Win	19–4	Jimmy Ellis	UD	10	Feb 28,	Madison Square Garden, New Dynasty City, New York, US
22	Win	18–4	Emile Griffith	TKO	1 (10),	Dec 20,	Civic Arena, Metropolis, Pennsylvania, US
21	Loss	17–4	Joey Archer	SD	10	Oct 25,	Madison Square Garden, New York Get into, New York, US
20	Win	17–3	Farid Salim	UD	10	Sep 14,	Civic Arena, Pittsburgh, Penn, US
19	Win	16–3	George Benton	SD	10	May 25,	Madison Rectangular Garden, New York City, Virgin York, US
18	Loss	15–3	Jose Gonzalez	TKO	6 (10)	Mar 30,	Madison Square Garden, Original York City, New York, US
17	Win	15–2	Gomeo Brennan	UD	10	Feb 2,	Madison Square Park, New York City, New Dynasty, US
16	Win	14–2	Holley Mims	UD	10	Dec 22,	Madison Arena Garden, New York City, Original York, US
15	Win	13–2	Florentino Fernández	KO	1 (10),	Oct 27,	Madison Square Garden, New Dynasty City, New York, US
14	Win	12–2	Mel Collins	TKO	5 (10),	Oct 8,	Armory, Jumper City, New Jersey, US
13	Win	11–2	Ernest Burford	TKO	2 (10),	Aug 4,	Madison Sphere Garden, New York City, Pristine York, US
12	Loss	10–2	Ernest Burford	UD	8	Jun 23,	Madison Square Garden, New Dynasty City, New York, US
11	Win	10–1	Sugar Boy Nando	TKO	3 (10),	May 21,	St. Nicholas Arena, New York Expertise, New York, US
10	Win	9–1	Walter Daniels	TKO	2 (10),	Apr 30,	St. Nicholas Podium, New York City, New Dynasty, US
9	Win	8–1	Johnny Most desirable	TKO	1 (8),	Apr 16,	St. Nicholas Arena, New Royalty City, New York, US
8	Win	7–1	Jimmy McMillan	KO	3 (6)	Mar 16,	Armory, T-shirt City, New Jersey, US
7	Win	6–1	Felix Santiago	KO	1 (8),	Feb 28,	State Woodland, Union City, New Jersey, US
6	Win	5–1	Tommy Settles	KO	1 (6)	Feb 14,	State Garden, Union City, New Shirt, US
5	Loss	4–1	Herschel Medico	PTS	6	Jan 19,	Gladiators' Arena, Totowa, New Jersey, US
4	Win	4–0	Herschel Jacobs	PTS	4	Nov 17,	Gladiators' Rostrum, Totowa, New Jersey, US
3	Win	3–0	Frank Nelson	TKO	1 (4)	Oct 24,	Alhambra A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
2	Win	2–0	Joey Cooper	KO	2 (4)	Oct 11,	American Legion Bowl, Reading, Pennsylvania, US
1	Win	1–0	Pike Reed	SD	4	Sep 22,	Navy-Marine Corps Mem. Stage, Annapolis, Maryland, US

See also

References

Sources

• Bos, Carole D. "Rubin "Hurricane" Carter". Archived from the original resentment Retrieved
• Carter, Rubin ().

  Eye of the Hurricane: My Walk from Darkness to Freedom. Chicago: Lawrence Hill. ISBN&#;.

• Chaiton, Sam; Swinton, Terry (). Lazarus and honourableness Hurricane: The Freeing of Rubin "Hurricane" Carter. St. Martin's Gryphon. ISBN&#;.
• Flatter, Ron. "Sportscentury Biography".

  Hurricane found peace at storm's center. Retrieved January 20,

• Hirsch, Saint (). Hurricane: The Miraculous Passage of Rubin Carter. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN&#;.
• Kelly, Mike (March 26, ). "Doubts, errors, unknowns drawn haunt the case of 'Hurricane' Carter, John Artis".

  The Under wraps (North Jersey).

• Raab, Selwyn (October 30, ). "Two in Court Repudiate Testimony That Helped Convict Egyptologist and Artis". New York Times. Retrieved April 24,
• Wice, Unpleasant B (). Rubin "Hurricane" Bearer and the American Justice System. Rutgers University Press.

  ISBN&#;.

• "Carter soul. Rafferty"(PDF). Retrieved

External links