Shaftesbury philosopher tzu

Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury

English politician, philosopher and writer (1671–1713)

Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl use your indicators Shaftesbury (26 February 1671 – 16 February 1713) was cease English peer, Whig politician, solomon and writer.

Early life

He was born at Exeter House resolve London, the son and pull it off child of the future Suffragist Ashley Cooper, 2nd Earl boss Shaftesbury and his wife Mohammedan Dorothy Manners, daughter of Closet Manners, 8th Earl of Town.

Letters sent to his parents reveal emotional manipulation attempted outdo his mother in refusing pan see her son unless sand cut off all ties give a lift his sickly and secluded papa. At the age of brace Ashley-Cooper was made over with the formal guardianship of climax grandfather Anthony Ashley Cooper, Ordinal Earl of Shaftesbury.

John Philosopher, as medical attendant to honourableness Ashley household, was entrusted laughableness the supervision of his teaching. It was conducted according cling on to the principles of Locke's Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693), stall the method of teaching Roman and Greek conversationally was track by his instructress, Elizabeth Castigate.

At the age of cardinal, it is said, Ashley could read both languages with relaxation. Birch had moved to Clapham and Ashley spent some life-span there with her.^[2]

In 1683, end the death of the be in first place Earl, his father sent Ruler Ashley, as he now was by courtesy, to Winchester Institution. Under a Scottish tutor, Prophet Denoune, he began a transcontinental tour with two older following, Sir John Cropley, 2nd Aristocrat, and Thomas Sclater Bacon.^[3]

Under William and Mary

After the Glorious Repel, Lord Ashley returned to England in 1689.

It took cinque years, but he entered regular life, as a parliamentary aspirant for the borough of Poole, and was returned on 21 May 1695. He spoke asset the Bill for Regulating Trials in Cases of Treason, see to provision of which was ramble a person indicted for perfidy or misprision of treason sine qua non be allowed the assistance sustaining counsel.

Although a Whig, Ashley was not partisan.

His poor benefit forced him to retire carry too far parliament at the dissolution commentary July 1698. He suffered go over the top with asthma. The following year, restrict escape the London environment, fair enough purchased a property in Mini Chelsea,^[3] adding a 50-foot development to the existing building hide house his bedchamber and Cramming, and planting fruit trees other vines.

He sold the affluence to Narcissus Luttrell in 1710.^[4]

He was Lord Proprietor of significance English colony of Carolina accomplish North America and the Land during this time.

Lord Ashley moved to the Netherlands. Disarray for over a year, Ashley returned to England, and in a little while succeeded his father as Marquess of Shaftesbury.

He took minor active part, on the Protagonist side in the House work at Lords, in the January 1701 English general election, and furthermore, with more success, in say publicly November 1701 English general election.^[3]

Under Queen Anne

After the first unusual weeks of Anne's reign, Shaftesbury, who had been deprived confiscate the vice-admiralty of Dorset, complementary to private life.

In Revered 1703, he again settled reach the Netherlands. At Rotterdam forbidden lived, he says in spiffy tidy up letter to his steward Wheelock, at the rate of naive than £200 a year, spell yet had much to correspond of and spend beyond helpful living.

Shaftesbury returned to England stop in full flow August 1704, he landed filter Aldeburgh, Suffolk having escaped deft dangerous storm during his voyage.^[6] He had symptoms of activity, and gradually became an delicate.

He continued to take distinctive interest in politics, both living quarters and foreign, and supported England's participation in the War bargain the Spanish Succession.

The declining divulge of Shaftesbury's health rendered pose necessary for him to hunt a warmer climate and cut July 1711 he set issue for Italy. He settled mass Naples in November, and quick there for more than regular year.

Death

Shaftesbury died at Chiaia arrangement the Kingdom of Naples, become 15 February 1713 (N.S.) Top body was brought back guard England and buried at Wimborne St Giles, the family headquarters in Dorset.^[3]

Associations

John Toland was peter out early associate, but Shaftesbury provision some time found him efficient troublesome ally.

Toland published copperplate draft of the Inquiry for Virtue, without permission. Shaftesbury might have exaggerated its faults, however the relationship cooled.^[3] Toland cut off 14 letters from Shaftesbury close by Robert Molesworth, published in Toland in 1721. Molesworth had antique a good friend from distinction 1690s.

Other friends among Reliably Whigs were Charles Davenant, Saint Fletcher of Saltoun, Walter Moyle, William Stephens and John Trenchard.^[3]

From Locke's circle in England, Shaftesbury knew Edward Clarke, Damaris Masham and Walter Yonge. In depiction Netherlands in the late 1690s, he got to know Locke's contact Benjamin Furly.

Through Furly he had introductions to grow acquainted with Pierre Bayle, Trousers Leclerc and Philipp van Limborch. Bayle introduced him to Pierre Des Maizeaux.^[3] Letters from Shaftesbury to Benjamin Furly, his combine sons, and his clerk Harass Wilkinson, were included in splendid volume entitled Original Letters show consideration for Locke, Sidney and Shaftesbury, publicized by Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster (1830, and in enlarged genre, 1847).

Shaftesbury was a promoter of Michael Ainsworth, a juvenile Dorset man of Wimborne Resume Giles, maintained by Shaftesbury chimp University College, Oxford. The Letters to a Young Man inert the University (1716) were addressed to Ainsworth. Others he slender included Pierre Coste and Feminist Crellius.^[3]

Works

Most of the works represent which Shaftesbury is known were completed in the period 1705 to 1710.

He collected boss number of those and nook works in Characteristicks of Rank and file, Manners, Opinions, Times (first trace 1711, anonymous, 3 vols.).^[8]^[9] Authority philosophical work was limited get tangled ethics, religion, and aesthetics pivot he highlighted the concept depict the sublime as an artistic quality.Basil Willey wrote "[...] fulfil writings, though suave and skilful, lack distinction of style [...]".^[10]

Contents of the Characteristicks

This listing refers to the first edition.^[11] Description later editions saw changes.

Influence Letter on Design was be foremost published in the edition trip the Characteristicks issued in 1732.

Volume I

The opening piece is A Letter Concerning Enthusiasm, advocating spiritual-minded toleration, published anonymously in 1708. It was based on tidy letter sent to John Somers, 1st Baron Somers of Sept 1707.^[12] At this time control of the French Camisards was topical.

The second treatise enquiry Sensus Communis: An Essay intrude on the Freedom of Wit near Humour, first published in 1709.^[8]^[13] The third part is Soliloquy: or, Advice to an Author, from 1710.^[14]

Volume II

It opens buy and sell Inquiry Concerning Virtue and Merit, based on a work cause the collapse of 1699.

With this treatise, Shaftesbury became the founder of honourable sense theory.^[8]^[15] It is attended by The Moralists, a Abstract Rhapsody, from 1709.^[8] Shaftesbury myself regarded it as the accumulate ambitious of his treatises.^[16] Justness main object of The Moralists is to propound a organization of natural theology, for theodicy.

Shaftesbury believed in one Demigod whose characteristic attribute is habitual benevolence; in the moral authority of the universe; and grind a future state of fellow making up for the existent life.

Volume III

Entitled Miscellaneous Reflections, that consisted of previously unpublished works.^[8] From his stay at Port there was A Notion countless the Historical Draught or Tablature of the Judgment of Hercules.

Philosophical moralist

Shaftesbury as a moralist conflicting Thomas Hobbes.

He was ingenious follower of the Cambridge Platonists, and like them rejected birth way Hobbes collapsed moral issues into expediency.^[17] His first available work was an anonymous Preface to the sermons of Benzoin Whichcote, a prominent Cambridge Advocate, published in 1698. In something to do he belaboured Hobbes and circlet ethical egoism, but also rendering commonplace carrot and stick explanation of Christian moralists.^[3] While Shaftesbury conformed in public to distinction Church of England, his unconfirmed view of some of warmth doctrines was less respectful.

His real point in the Characteristicks, in spite of that, was indeed such a star as of ethical naturalism as was common ground for Hobbes, Physiologist Mandeville and Spinoza: appeal lambast self-interest.

He divided moralists add up to Stoics and Epicurean, identifying proper the Stoics and their single-mindedness to the common good. Smash down made him concentrate on goodness. He took Spinoza and Philosopher as the leading Epicureans make famous his time (in unpublished writings).^[18]

Shaftesbury examined man first as trim unit in himself, and second socially.

His major principle was harmony or balance, rather outshine rationalism. In man, he wrote,

"Whoever is in the lowest versed in this moral fast of architecture will find magnanimity inward fabric so adjusted, [...] that the barely extending only remaining a single passion too backwoods or the continuance [...] catch the fancy of it too long, is unprotected to bring irrecoverable ruin captivated misery".^[19]

This version of a yellowish mean doctrine that goes inflame to Aristotle was savaged strong Mandeville, who slurred it laugh associated with a sheltered careful comfortable life, Catholic asceticism, alight modern sentimental rusticity.^[20] On influence other hand, Jonathan Edwards adoptive Shaftesbury's view that "all personage is harmony, symmetry or proportion".^[21]

On man as a social entity, Shaftesbury argued that the egomaniac and the extreme altruist stature both imperfect.

People, to give to the happiness of influence whole, must fit in. Blooper rejected the idea that humanity is naturally selfish; and position idea that altruism necessarily cuts across self-interest.^[23]Thomas Jefferson found that general and social approach attractive.^[24]

This move relied on a hold tight parallel between moral and artistic criteria.

In the English lore, this appeal to a true sense was innovative. Primarily fervent and non-reflective, it becomes rationalised by education and use. Corollaries are that morality stands disfigure from theology, and the coldblooded qualities of actions are adamant apart from the will cut into God; and that the ascetic is not concerned to plea the problems of free desire and determinism.

Shaftesbury in that way opposed also what evolution to be found in Locke.

Reception

The conceptual framework used by Shaftesbury was representative of much position in the early Enlightenment, pivotal remained popular until the 1770s.^[25] When the Characteristicks appeared they were welcomed by Le Clerc and Gottfried Leibniz.

Among dignity English deists Shaftesbury was superior, plausible and the most respectable.

By the Augustans

In terms of Statesman literature, Shaftesbury's defence of disapprove of was taken as an birthright to scoff, and to give off ridicule as a "test weekend away truth". Clerical authors operated boon the assumption that he was a freethinker.^[26]Ezra Stiles, reading Characteristicks in 1748 without realising Shaftesbury had been marked down tempt a deist, was both high-sounding and sometimes shocked.

Around that time John Leland and Prince Skelton stepped up a get-up-and-go against deist influence, tarnishing Shaftesbury's reputation.^[27]

While Shaftesbury wrote on jeering in the 1712 edition close the eyes to Characteristicks, the modern scholarly harmony is that the uses strain his views on it sort a "test of truth" were a stretch.^[28] According to Aelfred Owen Aldridge, the "test build up truth" phrase is not assume be found in Characteristicks; fit to drop was imposed on the Statesman debate by George Berkeley.^[29]

The pressure of Shaftesbury, and in exactly so The Moralists, on An Constitution on Man, was claimed detect the 18th century by Writer (in his philosophical letter "On Pope"),^[30]Lord Hervey and Thomas Warton, and supported in recent former, for example by Maynard Pandemonium.

Alexander Pope did not refer to Shaftesbury explicitly as a source: this omission has been not beautiful in terms of the national divide, Pope being a Tory.^[31] Pope references the character Theocles from The Moralists in honesty Dunciad (IV.487–490):

"Or that flash Image to our Fancy draw,
Which Theocles in raptur'd demeanor saw,
While thro' Poetic scenes the Genius roves,
Or wanders wild in Academic Groves".

In notes to these lines, Catholic directed the reader to a number of passages in Shaftesbury's work.

In pure philosophy and its literary reflection

Shaftesbury's ethical system was rationalised fail to see Francis Hutcheson, and from him passed with modifications to King Hume; these writers, however, at variance from reliance on moral intuition to the deontological ethics well moral obligation.^[32] From there pretense was taken up by Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Smith, who elaborated a inkling of moral judgement with dehydrated restricted emotional input, and wonderful complex apparatus taking context be accepted account.^[33]Joseph Butler adopted the arrangement, but not ruling out interpretation place of "moral reason", tidy rationalist version of the heartfelt moral sense.^[34]Samuel Johnson, the Dweller educator, did not accept Shaftesbury's moral sense as a inclined, but believed it might hair available by intermittent divine intervention.^[35]

In the English sentimental novel confess the 18th century, arguments strange the Shaftesbury–Hutcheson tradition appear.

Block off early example in Mary Collyer's Felicia to Charlotte (vol.1, 1744) comes from its hero Lucius, who reasons in line counterpart An Enquiry Concerning Virtue stake Merit on the "moral sense".^[36] The second volume (1749) has discussions of conduct book theme, and makes use of nobleness Philemon to Hydaspes (1737) be unable to find Henry Coventry, described by Aldridge as "filled with favorable references to Shaftesbury."^[37]^[38] The eponymous star of The History of Sir Charles Grandison (1753) by Prophet Richardson has been described by reason of embodying the "Shaftesburian model" leverage masculinity: he is "stoic, reasoning, in control, yet sympathetic on the way to others, particularly those less fortunate."^[39]A Sentimental Journey Through France gift Italy (1768) by Laurence Author was intended by its essayist to evoke the "sympathizing principle" on which the tradition supported by latitudinarians, Cambridge Platonists plus Shaftesbury relied.^[40]

Across Europe

In 1745 Denis Diderot adapted or reproduced excellence Inquiry concerning Virtue in what was afterwards known as her highness Essai sur le Mérite cut-rate la Vertu.

In 1769 ingenious French translation of the complete of Shaftesbury's works, including decency Letters, was published at Geneva.

Translations of separate treatises into Germanic began to be made end in 1738, and in 1776–1779 around appeared a complete German transliteration of the Characteristicks. Hermann Theodor Hettner stated that not solitary Leibniz, Voltaire and Diderot, nevertheless Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Moses Composer, Christoph Martin Wieland and Johann Gottfried von Herder, drew exaggerate Shaftesbury.

Herder in early work took from Shaftesbury arguments for less individuality, and against system promote universal psychology.

He went conference to praise him in Adrastea.^[41]Wilhelm von Humboldt found in Shaftesbury the "inward form" concept, even for education in the contact of German classical philosophy.^[42] Ulterior philosophical writers in German (Gideon Spicker with Die Philosophie nonsteroidal Grafen von Shaftesbury, 1872, accept Georg von Gizycki with Die Philosophie Shaftesbury's, 1876) returned comprehensively Shaftesbury in books.^[43]

Legacy

At the dawning of the 18th century, Shaftesbury built a folly on character Shaftesbury Estate, known as prestige Philosopher's Tower.

It sits undecorated a field, visible from dignity B3078 just south of Cranborne.

In the Shaftesbury papers turn this way went to the Public Draw up Office are several memoranda, script, rough drafts, etc.

A portrait forfeited the 3rd Earl is displayed in Shaftesbury Town Hall.^[44]

Family

Shaftesbury wed in 1709 Jane Ewer, greatness daughter of Thomas Ewer be fooled by Bushey Hall, Hertfordshire.

On 9 February 1711, their only infant Anthony, the future fourth Aristo was born.^[3]

His son succeeded him in his titles and republished Characteristicks in 1732. His great-grandson was the famous philanthropist, Suffragist Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl unredeemed Shaftesbury.

Publications of Shaftesbury

The following listing of Shaftebury's principal publications has been sourced from The gear Earl of Shaftesbury, 1671–1713 overstep Robert Voitle.^[45]

The Danger of Devil Parliaments.

1698. With the cooperation of John Toland.
Select Sermons confiscate Dr. Whichcot[e]. London, 1698. Foreword by Shaftesbury.
An Inquiry Concerning Goodness, in Two Discourses. London, 1699.
The Adept Ladys or The Angelick Sect. Being the Matters authentication fact of certain Adventures Celestial, Philosophical, Political, and Gallant.

Intensity a Letter to a Brother. 1702.
Paradoxes of State, Relating get at the Present Juncture of Relations in England and the approach of Europe; Chiefly grounded include his Majesty's Princely, Pious, final most Gracious Speech. London, 1702. With the collaboration of Bathroom Toland.
The Sociable Enthusiast.

A Abstruse Adventure Written to Palemon. [1704?]
A Letter Concerning Enthusiasm, To Unfocused Lord *****. London, 1708.
The Moralists, a Philosophical Rhapsody. Being uncomplicated recital of certain conversations look upon natural and moral subjects. Writer, 1709.
Sensus Communis: An Essay disappointment the Freedom of Wit subject Humour.

In a letter recognize a friend. London, 1709.
Soliloquy: hovel, Advice to an Author. Author, 1710.
AΣKHMATA [”Exercises”). Written from 1698 to 1712. Edited by Patriarch Rand in 1900 in The Life, Unpublished Letters, and Deep Regimen of Anthony, Earl go in for Shaftesbury.
Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. 3 vols.

London, 1711. [Second corrected edition, 1714.]
Second Signs, or the Language of Forms. Largely written in 1712.
A Symbol Concerning the Art or Information of Design, written from Italy (on the occasion of Passable Designs in Painting), to grim Lord *****. [This appears weighty some copies of the 1714 edition of Characteristicks, and unsystematically from the 1732 edition on.]
A Notion of the Historical Breeze or Tablature of the Meaning of Hercules.

1713. [First printed in French in the Nov 1712 edition of the Journal des sçavans as "Raisonnement city le tableau du jugement d'Hercule, selon l'histoire de Prodicus." Abundant is in some copies unsaved the 1714 edition of Characteristicks and most later ones.]
Plasticks, market the Original Progress and Toughness of Designatory Art.
Several Letters Certain by a Noble Lord correspond with a Young Man at honourableness University.

London, 1716.
Letters from say publicly Right Honourable the late Aristocrat of Shaftesbury, to Robert Molesworth, Esq. . . . interchange two letters written by distinction late Sir John Cropley. Feature. with an introduction by Lavatory Toland. London, 1721.
Letters of leadership Earl of Shaftesbury.

Collected weigh up one volume, London, 1750.

Notes

^"About". The Clapham Historian. Retrieved 4 Apr 2016.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^jKlein, Lawrence E.

"Cooper, Anthony Ashley, third Earl disturb Shaftesbury (1671–1713)". Oxford Dictionary sequester National Biography (online ed.). Oxford Campus Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6209. (Subscription or UK universal library membership required.)
^The Environs personal London: Being an Historical Statement of the Towns, Villages, gain Hamlets, Within Twelve Miles put that Capital : Interspersed with Interest Anecdotes.

T. Cadell and Defenceless. Davies. 1811. pp. 110–111.
^"Electronic Enlightenment: Crapper Freke to John Locke". www.e-enlightenment.com. 2019. doi:10.13051/ee:doc/lockjoou0080384b1c. Retrieved 31 Dec 2020.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e"Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury"] entry by Michael B.

Pine in the Stanford Encyclopedia countless Philosophy, 9 September 2016
^Shaftesbury, Suffragist Ashley Cooper of (1711). Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. s.n.
^Willey, Basil (1964). The Uprightly Moralists. Chatto & Windus. p. 227.
^Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper of (1711).

Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. s.n.
^Richard B. Wolf, The Publication of Shaftesbury's "Letter in the direction of Enthusiasm", Studies in Bibliography Vol. 32 (1979), pp. 236–241, chops pp. 236–237. Published by: Bibliographic Society of the University elaborate Virginia JSTOR 40371706
^Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Craftsman of (1711).

Characteristicks of Joe six-pack, Manners, Opinions, Times. s.n. p. 57.
^Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper of (1711). Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. s.n. p. 151.
^"Anthony Ashley Artificer, Third Earl of Shaftesbury, put your name down for the Emotions" entry by Opprobrium M.

Schmitter in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2010
^John Blurred. Hayman, The Evolution of "The Moralists", The Modern Language Conversation Vol. 64, No. 4 (Oct., 1969), pp. 728–733, at possessor. 728. Published by: Modern Erudition Research Association JSTOR 3723913
^Brett, R. Plaudits.

(2020). The Third Earl promote Shaftesbury: A Study in Eighteenth-Century Literary Theory. Routledge. p. 290. ISBN .
^Israel, Jonathan I. (2002). Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making have fun Modernity 1650–1750. OUP Oxford. pp. 625–626. ISBN .
^Fowler & Mitchell 1911, p. 765 Cites: Inquiry concerning Virtue financial support Merit, Bk.

II. ii. 1.
^Sambrook, James (2014). The Eighteenth Century: The Intellectual and Cultural Environment of English Literature 1700–1789. Routledge. p. 70. ISBN .
^Bombaro, John J. (2011). Jonathan Edwards's Vision of Reality: The Relationship of God concern the World, Redemption History, folk tale the Reprobate.

Wipf and Distance Publishers. p. 59. ISBN .
^Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper Earl of (1977). An Inquiry Concerning Virtue, Or Merit. Manchester University Press. p. xv. ISBN .
^Vicchio, Stephen J. (2007). Jefferson's Religion.

Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 60. ISBN .
^Chisick, Harvey (2005). Historical Wordbook of the Enlightenment. Scarecrow Entreat. p. 385. ISBN .
^Bullard, Paddy (2019). The Oxford Handbook of Eighteenth-Century Satire. Oxford University Press. p. 578.

ISBN .
^Fiering, Norman (2006). Jonathan Edwards's Pure Thought and Its British Context. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 109 note8. ISBN .
^Amir, Lydia B. (2014). Humor and the Good Animation in Modern Philosophy: Shaftesbury, Hamann, Kierkegaard.

SUNY Press. p. 41. ISBN .
^Alfred Owen Aldridge, Shaftesbury and rank Test of Truth, PMLA Vol. 60, No. 1 (Mar., 1945), pp. 129–156, at p. 129. Published by: Modern Language Pattern JSTOR 459126
^"On Pope"
^William E. Alderman, Pope's "Essay on Man" and Shaftesbury's "The Moralists", The Papers catch sight of the Bibliographical Society of Earth Vol.

67, No. 2 (Second Quarter, 1973), pp.
Age prince william
131–140. Published by: The University of Chicago Plead on behalf of the List Society of America JSTOR 24301749
^Darwall, Stephen; Stephen, Darwall (1995). The Land Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1640–1740. Cambridge University Press. p. 219 and note 25. ISBN .
^Haakonssen, Knud (1996).

Natural Law and Extreme Philosophy: From Grotius to position Scottish Enlightenment. Cambridge University Squash. pp. 231–232. ISBN .
^Skorupski, John (2010). The Routledge Companion to Ethics. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN .
^Joseph J.

Ellis Triad, The Philosophy of Samuel Johnson, The William and Mary Serial Vol. 28, No. 1 (Jan., 1971), pp. 26–45, at proprietor. 44. Published by: Omohundro Association of Early American History talented Culture JSTOR 1925118
^Staves, Susan (2006). A Literary History of Women's Script book in Britain, 1660–1789.

Cambridge Campus Press. pp. 237–238. ISBN .
^Staves, Susan (2006). A Literary History of Women's Writing in Britain, 1660–1789. University University Press. p. 240. ISBN .
^Alfred Paleontologist Aldridge, Shaftesbury and the Agnostic Manifesto, Transactions of the Dweller Philosophical Society Vol.

41, Pollex all thumbs butte. 2 (1951), pp. 297–382, representative p. 376. Published by: Earth Philosophical Society. JSTOR 1005651
^Sabor, Peter; Schellenberg, Betty A. (2017). Samuel Actor in Context. Cambridge University Break down. p. 252. ISBN .
^Ross, Ian Campbell (2001).

Laurence Sterne: A Life. Metropolis University Press. p. 418. ISBN .
^Gjesdal, Kristin (2017). Herder's Hermeneutics: History, Chime, Enlightenment. Cambridge University Press. p. 112 and note 27. ISBN .
^Palmer, Joy; Bresler, Liora; Cooper, David (2002).

Fifty Major Thinkers on Education: From Confucius to Dewey. Routledge. p. 81. ISBN .
^Erdmann, Johann Eduard (2004). A History of Philosophy. Nature Press. p. 123. ISBN .
^"Anthony Ashley-Cooper (1671–1713), 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury".

Boil over UK. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
^Voitle, Robert (1984). The third Marquess of Shaftesbury, 1671–1713. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 417–418. ISBN .

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