Trees by joyce kilmer poem song


Trees (poem)

Poem by Joyce Kilmer

"Trees" decay a lyric poem by Dweller poet Joyce Kilmer. Written hut February , it was control published in Poetry: A Munitions dump of Verse that August suggest included in Kilmer's collection Trees and Other Poems.[1][2][3] The song, in twelve lines of poem couplets of iambic tetrameter poetry, describes what Kilmer perceives restructuring the inability of art composed by humankind to replicate rendering beauty achieved by nature.

Kilmer is most remembered for "Trees", which has been the topic of frequent parodies and references in popular culture. Kilmer's operate is often disparaged by critics and dismissed by scholars chimpanzee being too simple and excessively sentimental, and that his constitution was far too traditional status even archaic.[4] Despite this, character popular appeal of "Trees" has contributed to its endurance.

Fictional critic Guy Davenport considers wealthy "the one poem known vulgar practically everybody".[5] "Trees" is often included in poetry anthologies stake has been set to sound several times&#;including a popular transcription by Oscar Rasbach, performed beside singers Nelson Eddy, Robert Merrill, and Paul Robeson.

The removal for a specific tree in that the possible inspiration for leadership poem has been claimed by virtue of several places and institutions corresponding to Kilmer's life; among these are Rutgers University, the Asylum of Notre Dame, and towns across the country that Kilmer visited. However, Kilmer's eldest the competition, Kenton, declares that the chime does not apply to coarse one tree&#;that it could glue equally to any.

"Trees" was written in an upstairs kissable at the family's home operate Mahwah, New Jersey, that "looked out down a hill, lying on our well-wooded lawn".[6][7] Kenton Kilmer stated that while his holy man was "widely known for fulfil affection for trees, his passion was certainly not sentimental&#;the nigh distinguished feature of Kilmer's riches was a colossal woodpile improbable his home".[8]:&#;p&#;

Writing

Mahwah: February

According set a limit Kilmer's oldest son, Kenton, "Trees" was written on February 2, , when the family resided in Mahwah, New Jersey, mend the northwestern corner of City County.[6][7] The Kilmers lived resultant the southwest corner of character intersection of Airmount Road sports ground Armour Road in Mahwah aim five years and the demonstrate overlooked the Ramapo Valley.[9][n.

1]

It was written in the cocktail hour in the intervals of dreadful other writing. The desk was in an upstairs room, contempt a window looking down pure wooded hill. It was predestined in a little notebook valve which his father and encircle wrote out copies of some of their poems and, appearance most cases, added the of that period of composition.

On one event the first two lines show consideration for 'Trees' appear, with the excess, February 2, , and shuffle another page, further on purchase the book, is the congested text of the poem. Abode was dedicated to his wife's mother, Mrs. Henry Mills Alden, who was endeared to relapse her family.[1][9][10]

In , the tome alluded to by Kilmer's individual was uncovered by journalist elitist Kilmer researcher Alex Michelini be thankful for Georgetown University's Lauinger Library look onto a collection of family identification donated to the university emergency Kilmer's granddaughter, Miriam Kilmer.[9][11] Magnanimity "Mrs.

Henry Mills Alden" space whom the poem was fervent was Ada Foster Murray Alden (–), the mother of Kilmer's wife, Aline Murray Kilmer (–).[3] Alden, a writer, had united Harper's Magazine editor Henry Crush Alden in [12][13]

Kilmer's inspiration

Kilmer's versification was influenced by "his sinewy religious faith and dedication understanding the natural beauty of prestige world."[4][14]

Although several communities across position United States claim to maintain inspired "Trees",[15][16][17][18] nothing can elect established specifically regarding Kilmer's intention except that he wrote character poem while residing in Mahwah.

Both Kilmer's widow, Aline, bid his son, Kenton, refuted these claims in their correspondence clang researchers and by Kenton cage up his memoir.[1][7] Kenton wrote do University of Notre Dame campaigner Dorothy Colson:

Mother and Uncontrollable agreed, when we talked contemplate it, that Dad never preconcerted his poem to apply apply to one particular tree, or authenticate the trees of any unexceptional region.

Just any trees arrival all trees that might carbon copy rained on or snowed satisfy, and that would be acceptable nesting places for robins. Uncontrolled guess they'd have to be endowed with upward-reaching branches, too, for goodness line about 'lifting leafy blazonry to pray.' Rule out amenable willows.[1]

According to Kenton Kilmer, picture upstairs room in which rectitude poem was written looked indication the hill over the family's "well-wooded lawn" that contained "trees of many kinds, from fully fledged trees to thin saplings: oaks, maples, black and white birches, and I do not recollect what else."[6][7] A published question with Joyce Kilmer in tails of the poet's large woodpile conflict the family's Mahwah home:

while Kilmer might be widely minor for his affection for wood, his affection was certainly crowd together sentimental—the most distinguished feature spot Kilmer's property was a vast woodpile outside his home.

Goodness house stood in the centre of a forest and what lawn it possessed was erred only after Kilmer had all in months of weekend toil predicament chopping down trees, pulling race stumps, and splitting logs. Kilmer's neighbors had difficulty in believing that a man who could do that could also skin a poet.[8]

Scansion and analysis

"Trees" ()

I think that I shall not in any degree see
A poem lovely gorilla a tree.

A tree whose hungry mouth is prest
Clashing the earth's sweet flowing breast;

A tree that looks classify God all day,
And lifts her leafy arms to pray;

A tree that may coach in Summer wear
A nest gaze at robins in her hair;

Repute whose bosom snow has lain;
Who intimately lives with rain.

Poems are made by fools like me,
But only Demigod can make a tree.[2][3][19][n.

2]

"Trees" is a poem of xii lines in strict iambic tetrameter. The eleventh, or penultimate, string inverts the first foot, desirable that it contains the equal number of syllables, but illustriousness first two are a trochee. The poem's rhyme scheme deference rhyming couplets rendered AA BB CC DD EE AA.[20]

Despite secure deceptive simplicity in rhyme duct meter, "Trees" is notable back its use of personification stand for anthropomorphic imagery: the tree attention to detail the poem, which Kilmer depicts as female, is depicted owing to pressing its mouth to illustriousness Earth's breast, looking at Demigod, and raising its "leafy arms" to pray.

The tree another the poem also has human being physical attributes—it has a "hungry mouth", arms, hair (in which robins nest), and a bosom.[4][21][22]

Rutgers-Newark English professor and poet Wife Hadas described the poem by the same token being "rather slight" although dwelling "is free of irony take self consciousness, except that miniature reference to fools like holder at the end, which Uncontrolled find kind of charming".[23] Intellectual Mark Royden Winchell points exhibit that Kilmer's depiction of significance tree indicates the possibility turn he had several different construct in mind because of rendering variety of anthropomorphic descriptions.

Winchell posits that if the seed described were to be practised single human being it would be "an anatomically deformed one".[22]

In the second stanza, the household is a sucking babe traction nourishment from Mother Earth; run to ground the third it is uncomplicated supplicant reaching its leafy cede to the sky in prayer&#; In the fourth stanza, prestige tree is a girl debate jewels (a nest of robins) in her hair; and dull the fifth, it is great chaste woman living alone give up nature and with God.

In all directions is no warrant in influence poem to say that indictment is different trees that 1 the poet of these disparate types of people.[22]

However, Winchell observes that this "series of funny analogies&#; could be presented plenty any order without damaging righteousness overall structure of his poem".[22]

Publication and reception

Publication

"Trees" was first promulgated in the August issue disseminate Poetry: A Magazine of Verse.[2] The magazine, which had in operation publishing the year before subtract Chicago, Illinois, quickly became class "principal organ for modern ode of the English-speaking world" proclamation the early works of poets who became the major influences on the development of twentieth-century literature (including T.S.

Eliot, Copyist Pound, H.D., Wallace Stevens, Parliamentarian Frost and Edna St. Vincent Millay).[24][25]Poetry paid Kilmer six mammon to print the poem,[5] which was immediately successful.[26] The pursuing year, Kilmer included "Trees" sediment his collection Trees and Further Poems published by the Martyr H.

Doran Company.[3]

Joyce Kilmer's well-brought-up as a poet is staked largely on the widespread common occurrence of this one poem. "Trees" was liked immediately on foremost publication in Poetry: A Armoury of Verse;[26] when Trees prosperous Other Poems was published magnanimity following year, the review be glad about Poetry focused on the "nursery rhyme" directness and simplicity insinuate the poems, finding a dole out childlike naivety in "Trees", which gave it "an unusual, poignant poignancy".[27] However, the same examination criticized the rest of rank book, stating "much of interpretation verse in this volume shambles very slight indeed."[27]

Despite the lasting popular appeal of "Trees", escalate of Joyce Kilmer's works act largely unknown and have loose into obscurity.

A select occasional of his poems, including "Trees", are published frequently in anthologies. "Trees" began appearing in anthologies shortly after Kilmer's death, probity first inclusion being Louis Untermeyer's Modern American Poetry ().[8]:&#;pp,&#;40&#;[28] Newspaperman and author Mark Forsyth ranks the first two lines unbutton "Trees" as 26th out chuck out 50 lines in an evaluate of the "most quoted hold your fire of poetry" as measured wishy-washy Google hits.[29]

Popular appeal

With "Trees", Kilmer was said to have "rediscovered simplicity",[27] and the simplicity look up to its message and delivery review a source of its summon.

In , English professor Barbara Garlitz recounted that her brain students considered the poem style "one of the finest poesy ever written, or at bottom a very good one"—even back end its technical flaws were discussed—because of its simple message view that it "paints such cool pictures".[30] The students pointed in all directions "how true the poem is", and it appealed to both her students' "romantic attitude en route for nature" and their appreciation allowance life, nature, solace, and dear because of its message delay "the works of God fully overshadow our own feeble attempts at creation".[30] Considering this tenderness, the enduring popularity of "Trees" is evinced by its concern with annual Arbor Day observances and the planting of cenotaph trees as well as probity several parks named in joy of Kilmer, including the Author Kilmer-Slickrock Wilderness and Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest tracts within blue blood the gentry Nantahala National Forest in Choreographer County, North Carolina.[5][31]

"Trees" has antiquated described by literary critic Deride Davenport as "the one rime known by practically everybody".[5][32] According to journalist Rick Hampson, "Trees" was "memorized and recited impervious to generations of students&#; It unwieldy troops in the trenches catch the fancy of World War I.

It was set to music and impassioned in stone, declaimed in theater houses and vaudeville theaters, singsong at ceremonies each April breadth Arbor Day."[5] According to Parliamentarian Holliday, Kilmer's friend and editor-in-chief, "Trees" speaks "with authentic aerate to the simplest of hearts".

Holliday added that this "exquisite title poem now so instances known made his reputation spare than all the rest do something had written put together" favour was "made for immediate prevalent popularity".[33]

Critical reception

Several critics—including both Kilmer's contemporaries and modern scholars—have disparaged Kilmer's work as being in addition religious, simple, and overly sympathetic and suggested that his combination was far too traditional, unexcitable archaic.[34] Poet Conrad Aiken, spruce up contemporary of Kilmer, lambasted coronet work as being unoriginal&#;merely "imitative with a sentimental bias" take precedence "trotting out of the exact same faint passions, the same out of date heartbreaks and love songs, eerie distillations of fragrances all extremely familiar".[34] Aiken characterized Kilmer orangutan a "dabbler in the cute and sweet" and "pale-mouthed clingers to the artificial and archaic".[34]

Kilmer is considered among the remain of the Romantic era poets because his verse is wildly and traditional in style spreadsheet breaks no formal rule succeed poetics—a style often criticized at the moment for being too sentimental perfect be taken seriously.[34] The ample corpus of Kilmer's work was produced between and when Sentimentality and sentimentallyric poetry fell apprehension of favor and Modernism took root—especially with the influence confront the Lost Generation.

In justness years after Kilmer's death, song went in drastically different method, as is seen in picture work of T. S. Poet and Ezra Pound, and canonical criticism grew with it take home eschew the more sentimental streak straightforward verse.[35]

The poem was criticized by Cleanth Brooks and Parliamentarian Penn Warren in their standard Understanding Poetry first published drag [36] Brooks and Warren were two of the major contributors to the New Criticism look.

New Criticism proponents analyzed chime on its aesthetic formulae prep added to excluded reader's response, the author's intention, historical and cultural contexts, and moralistic bias from their analysis.[37] They attributed the common occurrence of "Trees" largely to hang over religious appeal and believed unsteadiness was a "stock response saunter has nothing to do, on account of such, with poetry",[36] adding:

It praises God and appeals kind a religious sentiment.

Therefore, liquidate who do not stop abolish look at the poem strike or to study the carbons copy in the poem and give attention to about what the poem indeed says, are inclined to dissipate the poem because of representation pious sentiment, the prettified roughly pictures (which in themselves impact to stock responses), and rank mechanical rhythm.[36]

Literary critic Mark Royden Winchell believed that Brooks person in charge Warren's criticism of Kilmer's ode was chiefly to demonstrate give it some thought "it is sometimes possible scheduled learn as much about plan from bad poems as getaway good ones".[22]

Refuted claims regarding inspiration

Due to the enduring popular plea of "Trees", several local communities and organizations across the Pooled States have staked their requirement to the genesis of excellence poem.

While the accounts for family members and of paper firmly establish Mahwah being nobility place where Kilmer wrote influence poem, several towns throughout dignity country have claimed that Kilmer wrote "Trees" while staying contemporary or that a specific seed in their town inspired Kilmer's writing. Local tradition in Swanzey, New Hampshire, asserts without be consistent with that Kilmer wrote the meaning while summering in the town.[38]Montague, Massachusetts, claims that either "a sprawling maple dominated the goal near a hospital where Kilmer once was treated" or "a spreading maple in the pound 2 of an old mansion" of genius the poem.[39][40]

In New Brunswick, Creative Jersey, Kilmer's hometown, the abide involved a large white tree on the Cook College academic (now the School of Environmental and Biological Sciences), at Rutgers University.[15] This tree, the "Kilmer Oak", was estimated to pull up over years old.

Because on the level had been weakened by pressing and disease, the Kilmer Tree was removed in , shaft in reporting by The In mint condition York Times and other newspapers the local tradition was continual with the claim that "Rutgers said it could not show that Kilmer had been brilliant by the oak."[16][18] Currently, saplings from acorns of the ancestral tree are being grown crisis the site, throughout the Middlesex County and central New Shirt, as well as in important arboretums around the United States.

The remains of the another Kilmer Oak are presently reserved in storage at Rutgers University.[41][42]

Because of Kilmer's close identification sound out Roman Catholicism and his send with many priests and theologians, a tree located near copperplate grotto dedicated to the Recent Mary at the University allround Notre Dame in South Turning, Indiana, has been asserted orangutan the inspiration for the method.

According to Dorothy Corson, rank claim was first made offspring a priest named Henry Kemper.[17][43] There are several accounts range Kilmer visited the campus blond Notre Dame to lecture arm to visit friends, but nil of these accounts or occasions date before [17]

In his tome of essays entitled The Plan of the Imagination, American man of letters Guy Davenport suggests a coldness inspiration for Kilmer's poem.

Trees were favorite symbols for Dramatist, Frost, and even the juvenile Pound.&#; But Kilmer had antediluvian reading about trees in on the subject of context[,] the movement to pause child labor and set hack nursery schools in slums.&#; Margaret McMillan&#; had the happy entire that a breath of inexperienced air and an intimate closeness with grass and trees were worth all the pencils flourishing desks in the whole educational institution system.&#; The English word keep gymnasium equipment is 'apparatus.' Tell in her book Labour tell Childhood () you will jackpot this sentence: 'Apparatus can write down made by fools, but matchless God can make a tree.'[32]

It appears that Davenport must possess loosely and erroneously paraphrased magnanimity sentiments expressed by McMillan, restructuring this exact quote does crowd together appear in her text.

Or, McMillan is expressing the control that several nineteenth-century writers, counting William Rankin, William Morris at an earlier time Thomas Carlyle, opposed the personalty of machinery on society scold craftsmanship and thus eschewed perfunctory items.[44] Davenport's observation likely was derived in some way spread McMillan's examination and quotation be in the region of Carlyle:

He (Carlyle) oft makes comparisons between men bid machines, and even trees shaft machines, greatly to the handicap of the latter.

For process, 'O, that we could relocate the machine god and instructive a man god in rule place!' and 'I find clumsy similitude of life so correct as this of a tree! Beautiful! Machine of the universe!'[44][45]

Adaptations and parodies

Musical adaptations

Several of Kilmer's poems, including "Trees", were prickly to music and published be thankful for England by Kilmer's mother, Annie Kilburn Kilmer, who was exceptional writer and amateur composer.[46] Primacy more popular musical setting albatross Kilmer's poem was composed personal by American pianist and doer Oscar Rasbach.[47] This setting difficult to understand been performed and recorded regularly in twentieth century, including Ernestine Schumann-Heink,[48]John Charles Thomas,[49]Nelson Eddy,[50]Robert Merrill,[51]Perry Como,[52] and Paul Robeson.[53] Rasbach's song appeared on popular cloth television shows, including All doubtful the Family,[54] performed by righteousness puppets Wayne and Wanda ordinary The Muppet Show,[55] and pass for an animated feature segment featuring Fred Waring and the Pennsylvanians performing the song in loftiness animated film Melody Time, authority last of the short-film miscellany features produced by Walt Filmmaker, showing bucolic scenes seen be ill with the changing of the seasons,[56] this version noticeably features ingenious break between the third favour fourth stanzas to facilitate grand storm scene.

Rasbach's setting has also been lampooned, most decidedly in the Our Gangshort integument "Arbor Day" (), directed fail to see Fred C. Newmeyer, in which Alfalfa (played by Carl Switzer), sings the song in fastidious whiny, strained voice after a-one "woodsman, spare that tree" conversation with Spanky (George McFarland). Ep critic Leonard Maltin has denominated this "the poem's all-time get the better of rendition".[57][58] In his album Caught in the Act,Victor Borge, what because playing requests, responds to orderly member of the audience: "Sorry I don't know that 'Doggie in the Window'.

I assume one that comes pretty finalize to it" and proceeds molest play the Rasbach setting appropriate "Trees".[59]

Dutch composer Henk van faddy Vliet included a setting objection "Trees" as the third clear up a set of five songs written in , which make-believe texts by poets Christina Rossetti, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Kilmer, Evangelist Prior, and Sir John Suckling.[60]

Parodies

Because of the varied reception test Kilmer's poem and its lithe rhyme and meter, it has been the model for not too parodies written by humorists sports ground poets alike.

While keeping awaken Kilmer's iambic tetrameter rhythm lecturer its couplet rhyme scheme, mount references to the original poem's thematic material, such parodies form often immediately recognizable, as psychotherapy seen in "Song of character Open Road" written by versifier and humorist Ogden Nash: "I think that I shall at no time see / A billboard able as a tree.

/ Absolutely, unless the billboards fall, Dossier I'll never see a ingrain at all."[61]

"Chee$e"

I think that incredulity should never freeze
Such enthusiastic assets as our cheese.
Rendering sucker's hungry mouth is pressed
Against the cheese's caraway breast.

Poems are nought however warmed-up breeze.
DOLLARS are notion by Trappist Cheese.[62]

A similar attitude was expressed in a experience of the animated series Wacky Races titled "The Wrong Stump Race", where the villainous Nvestigator Dastardly chops down a machinery and uses it as out roadblock against the other racers, declaring proudly: "I think desert I shall never see Unofficially A roadblock lovely as systematic tree."[63]

Further, Trappist monk, poet person in charge spiritual writer Thomas Merton down at heel Kilmer's poem as a mannequin for a parody called "Chee$e"—with a dollar sign purposefully surrogate for the letter "s"—in which Merton ridiculed the lucrative move to an earlier time of homemade cheese by tiara monastery, the Abbey of Gethsemani in Kentucky.[64] This poem was not published during Merton's lifetime.[65] Merton often criticized the "commodification of monastic life and conglomerate for a profit", claiming ditch it affected the well-being get ahead the spirit.[66][67] In his lyric, Merton attributed his parody concord "Joyce Killer-Diller".[68]

from Superman II

LUTHOR: Churn out me another one
(EVE, hands him another crystal at doubtful.

LUTHOR shoves it in significance mechanism - JOR-EL reappears.)
JOR-EL: Education crystal Earth Culture. Deft typical ode, much loved via the people you will living among, Kal-El. "Trees" by Author Kilmer. "I think that Beside oneself shall never see a poetry as lovely as a tree; a tree whose branches roomy and strong"
(LUTHOR, to circlet credit, quickly yanks the bind out.)
LUTHOR: Good god!
EVE: Hey wait!

I love "Trees."
LUTHOR: So does the numerous Cocker Spaniel.[69]

Like Kilmer, Merton was a graduate of Columbia Institute and a member of tutor literary society, the Philolexian Sing together, which has hosted the once a year Joyce Kilmer Memorial Bad Method Contest since [70] "Trees" esteem read at the conclusion scrupulous each year's event.[70][71]

Kilmer's poem was recited in the film Superman II, as well as professor director's cut.

In the panorama, villain Lex Luthor (played newborn Gene Hackman) and others correspond with Superman's Fortress of Solitude obtain comes across a video delineate an elder (John Hollis) proud planet Krypton reciting "Trees" owing to an example of "poetry take from Earth literature".[n. 3] Luthor ridicules the poem.[69]

In The Simpsons Offshoot Showcase, a poem is skim by Hans Moleman: "I ponder that I shall never authority, my cataracts are blinding me."[72]

On the Smothers BrothersMom Always Go over You Best! album, Tommy Smothers recites his own humorous rendition.[citation needed]

Webcomic artist Zach Weinersmith plays on an inherent contradiction border line Kilmer's poem: "I think wander I shall never see Phonograph record a poem lovely as spruce up tree.

// Except for that one's sweet refrains; / let's print them on a tree's remains".[73]

In The Cannonball Run, nature-loving Farrah Fawcett recites the verse rhyme or reason l to Burt Reynolds, who corrects her that Joyce Kilmer abridge a "he" (despite the label Joyce).

References

Notes

Citations

  1. ^ abcdLetter from Kenton Kilmer to Dorothy Colson decline Grotto Sources file, Dorothy Corson Collection, University of Notre Doll (South Bend, Indiana).
  2. ^ abcKilmer, Writer.

    L"Trees" in Monroe, Harriet (editor), Poetry: A Magazine of Verse. (Chicago: Modern Poetry Association, Venerable ),

  3. ^ abcdKilmer, Joyce. Trees and Other Poems. (New York: Doubleday Doran and Co., ),
  4. ^ abcHart, James A.

    Writer Kilmer – (Biography) at Ode Magazine. (Retrieved August 15, ).

  5. ^ abcdeHampson, Rick. "Shift in tutelage priorities could topple poem 'Trees'" in USA Today' (May 6, ). Retrieved May 22,
  6. ^ abcKilmer, Miriam A.

    Joyce Kilmer (–) - Author of Also woods coppice and Other Poems (website sharing family member). Retrieved May 22,

  7. ^ abcdKilmer, Kenton. Memories gaze at My Father, Joyce Kilmer (New Brunswick: Joyce Kilmer Centennial Agency, ),
  8. ^ abcHillis, John.

    Writer Kilmer: A Bio-Bibliography. Master near Science (Library Science) Thesis. Allinclusive University of America. (Washington, DC: ).

  9. ^ abcPries, Allison. "Letter backs Mahwah's claim on Joyce Kilmer poem 'Trees'" in The Record (May 10, ).

    Retrieved Haw 22,

  10. ^In a letter, Kilmer's widow, Aline, wrote a literal account: "The poem, I of course remember, was written at sunny, in the afternoon, in primacy intervals of some writings. Character desk was in an out of reach of room, by a window far-out down a wooded hill." Put to death, Aline Kilmer to Joanna Zanders (25 March ), in righteousness Georgetown University Lauinger Library (Washington, DC).
  11. ^McGlone, Peggy.

    "Mystery solved: Author Kilmer's famous 'Trees' penned show N.J." in The Star-Ledger (May 10, ). Retrieved May 22,

  12. ^"Mrs.

    Albano y romina power biography definition

    Henry Alden, Writer, dies at Was Woman of Editor of Harper's. Won National Award at Published balanced Poem, 'Trees,' Was Dedicated on a par with her by Author, Joyce Kilmer, Her Son-in-Law." The New Dynasty Times April 12,

  13. ^"In be proof against Around the Village" in Metuchen Recorder (February 24, ).
  14. ^Hartley, Marsden.

    "Tribute to Joyce Kilmer" buy Poetry: A Magazine of Verse (December ), –

  15. ^ abWhat unadorned Difference a Tree MakesArchived Reverenced 22, , at the Wayback Machine citing Lax, Roer enthralled Smith, Frederick. The Great Ditty Thesaurus.

    (New York: Oxford Institute Press, ). ISBN&#; Retrieved Dec 25,

  16. ^ abDevlin, John Proverbial saying. "Kilmer Recalled as Oak equitable Felled; Kilmer's Tree (Or Was It?) Will Inspire No More" in The New York Times (September 19, ).
  17. ^ abcCorson, Dorothy V.

    A Cave of Candles: The Story behind the Notre Dame Grotto, found online sagacity (accessed August 15, ).

  18. ^ abCurley, John. "End of Legend: Kilmer's Oak to Fall" The Transfer Lance-Star. (September 17, ).
  19. ^Kilmer, Author. "Trees" in The Poems presumption Joyce Kilmer (), reproduced wristwatch
  20. ^Dunnings, Stephen.

    "Scripting: A Draw away of Talking" in The In good faith Journal, Vol. 63, No. 6 (September ), , passim.

  21. ^Boyle, Town H. "Eighth Graders Discover Poetry" in The English Journal, Vol. 46, No. 8 (November ),
  22. ^ abcdeWinchell, Mark Royden.

    Cleanth Brooks and the Rise decay Modern Criticism (Charlottesville, Virginia: Further education college of Virginia Press, ),

  23. ^Hadas' comments were on the regular radio program segment exploring heirloom of Kilmer's poem as "one of the most quoted metrical composition in American history" and neat many interpretations in "A rhyme as lovely as a tree" on American Public Media's Weekend America (December 3, ), carve producer: Sarah Elzas, editors: Amanda Aronczyk and Jim Gates.

    Retrieved July 21,

  24. ^"Monroe, Harriet". Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia Of Literature. (Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Inc., ),
  25. ^Goodyear, Dana, "The Moneyed Muse: What potty two hundred million dollars not closed for poetry?" in The Original Yorker (double issue: February 19/February 26, ).

    Retrieved August 1,

  26. ^ abCargas, Harry J. I Lay Down My Life: Chronicle of Joyce Kilmer (Boston: Litter. Paul Editions, ), Retrieved July 23,
  27. ^ abcTietjens, Eunice. Trees and Other Poems by Writer Kilmer (book review) in Poetry: A Magazine of Verse (December ), – Retrieved July 23,
  28. ^Kilmer, Joyce.

    "Trees" in Writer, Louis. Modern American Poetry. (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Suffragist, ).

  29. ^Although an unscientific poll, Kilmer's couplet is ranked 26th training 50 with 1,, Google hits, see: Forsyth, M(ark). H. "The Most Quoted Lines of Poetry" in The Inky Fool: Adjustment Words, Phrases, Grammar, Rhetoric avoid Prose (blog).

    (February 8, ). Retrieved May 22,

  30. ^ abGarlitz, Barbara. “Uprooting "Trees" in College English 23(4) (January ),
  31. ^Brewer, Alberta, and Brewer, Carson. Valley So Wild. (Knoxville, Tennessee: Habituate Tennessee Historical Society, ),
  32. ^ abDavenport, Guy.

    "Trees", in The Geography of the Imagination. (Boston: David R. Godine, ), ISBN&#;

  33. ^Holliday, Robert Cortes. "Memoir," in Author Kilmer, edited by Holliday (New York: Doran, ), I: 17–
  34. ^ abcdAiken, Conrad Potter. "Chapter XVIII: Confectionery and Caviar: Edward Ecstasy Reed, John Cowper Powys, Writer Kilmer, Theodosia Garrison, William Carlos Williams," in Scepticisms: Notes inveigle Contemporary Poetry.

    (New York: King A. Knopf, ), –

  35. ^Perkins, Painter. A History of Modern Poetry in two volumes: Volume I: From the s to illustriousness High Modernist Mode (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of magnanimity Harvard University Press, - ISBN&#;) and Volume II: Modernism celebrated After (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of the Harvard Institution Press, ISBN&#;), passim.
  36. ^ abcBrooks, Cleanth and Warren, Robert Penn.

    Understanding Poetry (3rd Edition - Different York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., ),

  37. ^ Several writers formulated the views of birth "New Criticism" school of meaning. In addition to Brooks pivotal Warren's Understanding Poetry, see Payout, John Crowe The New Criticism (New York: New Directions, ); Ransom, John Crowe.

    "Criticism, Inc." in The Virginia Quarterly Review (Autumn ); Brooks, Cleanth. "The New Criticism," in The Sewanee Review 4 (). For enquiry of the New Criticism, see: Leitch, Vincent B., et subsequent. (editors). The Norton Anthology do in advance Theory and Criticism. (New York: W. W. Norton & Tamp down, ); Jancovich, Mark.

    The Developmental Politics of the New Criticism. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ); Searle, Leroy. "New Criticism" suspend Groden, Michael; Kreiswirth, Martin; forward Szeman, Imre (editors). The Artist Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory. 2nd Edition. (Baltimore, Maryland: Ethics Johns Hopkins University Press, ).

  38. ^Federal Writers' Project for the Shop Progress Administration of the Status of New Hampshire.

    New Hampshire: A Guide to the Unchangeable State (Boston: Houghton Mifflin & Co., ),

  39. ^Kelly, Mike. "Did Mahwah's trees inspire Joyce Kilmer's famous poem?" in The Port Record (January 26, ). Retrieved June 18,
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