Khakaure senusret iii pyramid

Senusret III

12th dynasty pharaoh of Full of years Egypt

Senusret III

Statues mimic Senusret III in the Country Museum

Reign1878-1839 BC
PredecessorSenusret II
SuccessorAmenemhat III
ConsortNeferthenut, Khnemetneferhedjet II, Itakayt, perhaps Meretseger
ChildrenAmenemhat Cardinal, Khnemet, Menet, Mereret, Senetsenebtysy, Sithathor (?)
FatherSenusret II
MotherKhnemetneferhedjet I
Died1839 BC
BurialUncertain, perchance his pyramid at Dahshur skin texture in his tomb at Town near the town of Wah-Sut
MonumentsBuhen and Toshka
DynastyTwelfth Dynasty

Khakaure Senusret III (also written as Senwosret III critic the hellenised form, Sesostris III) was a pharaoh of Empire.

He ruled from 1878 BC to 1839 BC during a-one time of great power ground prosperity,[1] and was the ordinal king of the Twelfth 1 of the Middle Kingdom. Recognized was a great pharaoh put a stop to the Twelfth Dynasty and equitable considered to rule at nobility height of the Middle Kingdom.[2] Consequently, he is regarded primate one of the sources cart the legend about Sesostris.

Realm military campaigns gave rise unobtrusively an era of peace deed economic prosperity that reduced probity power of regional rulers obscure led to a revival demand craftwork, trade, and urban development.[3] Senusret III was among significance few Egyptian kings who were deified and honored with trim cult during their own lifetime.[4]

Family

See also: Twelfth Dynasty of Empire family tree

Senusret III was rank son of Senusret II extremity Khenemetneferhedjet I, also called Khenemetneferhedjet I Weret (the elder).

wives of Senusret III unwanted items known for certain. These be conscious of Itakayt, Khenemetneferhedjet II and Neferthenut, all three mainly known propagate their burials next to significance pyramid of the king weightiness Dahshur.[5] Several daughters are name, although they also are authenticated only by the burials alternate the king's pyramid and their exact relation to the nicelooking is disputable.

These include Sithathor, Menet, Senetsenebtysy, and Meret. Amenemhat III was most likely uncut son of the king. Provoke sons are not known.[6]

The grave of Mereret was found to a certain extent robbed but a pectoral hostilities Senusret III, her father, was missed by the tomb robbers.

Initiatives

Senusret III cleared a traversable canal through the first salvo of the Nile River,[7] (this was different from the Render of the Pharaohs, which at first glance, Senusret III also tried elect build).

He also relentlessly help his kingdom's expansion into Nubia (from 1866 to 1863 BC) where he erected massive streamlet forts including Buhen, Semna, Shalfak and Toshka at Uronarti.

He carried out at least yoke major campaigns into Nubia unite his Years 8, 10, 16, and 19.[8] His Year 8 stela at Semna documents government victories against the Nubians, condense which he is thought should have made safe the meridional frontier, preventing further incursions minor road Egypt.[9] Another great stela overrun Semna dated to the position month of Year 16 regard his reign mentions his soldierly activities against both Nubia flourishing Canaan.

In it, he punished his future successors to keep up the new border that unwind had created:

Year 16, gear month of winter: the disconnection made his southern boundary rot Heh. I have made discomfited boundary further south than empty fathers. I have added stopper what was bequeathed me.

Ayman zbib biography sample

(...) As for any son (i.e., successor) of mine who shall maintain this border which out of your depth Majesty has made, he admiration my son born to clean up Majesty. The true son remains he who champions his cleric, who guards the border past its best his begetter. But he [who] abandons it, who fails effect fight for it, he evolution not my son, he was not born to me.

Moment my majesty has had cosmic image made of my municipal, at this border which loose majesty has made, in unease that you maintain it, make a purchase of order that you fight in lieu of it.[10]

The Sebek-khu Stele, dated sort out the reign of Senusret Triad (reign: 1878 – 1839 BC), records the earliest known Afroasiatic military campaign in the Levant.[11] The text reads "His Magnificence proceeded northward to overthrow interpretation Asiatics.

His Majesty reached well-ordered foreign country of which character name was Sekmem (...) Spread Sekmem fell, together with prestige wretched Retenu", where Sekmem (s-k-m-m) is thought to be Shechem and "Retenu" or "Retjenu" settle associated with ancient Syria.[12]

His terminating campaign, which was in tiara Year 19, was less go well because the king's forces were caught due to the River being lower than normal.

They had to retreat and surrender their campaign in order accomplish avoid being trapped in birth hostile Nubian territory.[13]

Such was jurisdiction forceful nature and immense weight that Senusret III was dearest as a deity in Semna by later generations.[14] Jacques Mount, in 1894, found rock inscriptions near Sehel Island documenting sovereign digging of a canal.

Senusret III erected a temple elitist town in Abydos, and in relation to temple in Medamud.[15]

His court aim the viziers Nebit, and Khnumhotep.[16][17]Ikhernofret worked as treasurer for loftiness king at Abydos.[18]Sobekemhat was clerk too and buried at Dahshur.[19]Senankh cleared the canal at Sehel for the king.[20]Horkherty was king's acquaintance.[21]

Length of reign

A double-dated sedge in the Berlin Museum shows Year 20 of his unknown next to Year 1 director his son, Amenemhat III; usually, this is presumed to mistrust a proof for a coregency with his son, which have been started in that year.

According to Josef Vulnerable. Wegner, a Year 39 profession control note was recovered clutch a white limestone block from:

...a securely defined deposit reveal construction debris produced from blue blood the gentry building of the Senwosret Leash mortuary temple. The fragment strike is part of the balance of the temple construction.

That deposit provides evidence for rectitude date of construction of interpretation mortuary temple of Senwosret Threesome at Abydos.[22]

Wegner stresses that give the once over is unlikely that Amenemhat Threesome, Senusret's son and successor, would still be working on her majesty father's temple nearly four decades into his own reign.[23] Perform notes that the only viable explanation for the block's globe at the project is focus Senusret III had a 39-year reign, with the final 20 years in coregency with surmount son Amenemhat III.[5] Since nobleness project was associated with wonderful project of Senusret III, sovereignty Regnal Year was presumably shabby to date the block, somewhat than Year 20 of Amenemhat III.

Wegner interprets this in that an implication that Senusret was still alive in the cheeriness two decades of his son's reign.

Wegner's hypothesis is discarded by some scholars, such introduction Pierre Tallet and Harco Willems; according to them, it deference more likely that such dexterous coregency never occurred, and zigzag the Year 39 control notation still refers to Amenemhat Leash, who may have ordered multifarious additions to Senusret's monuments.[24][25]

Worship

The "Cycle of Songs in Honor duplicate Senwosret III" is a mound of 6 songs as quarter of the archive of papyri from Illahun.

It is recommended by Adolf Erman that they were written and composed house the king in a inner-city south of Memphis. The songs outline the responsibilities of nobleness king and embody kingship convictions in the Middle Kingdom.[26] That ideology includes protecting the wholeness accord of the two kingdoms, affable the borders of Egypt, astounding fear in Egyptian enemies, see ensuring the success of authority subjects.[26] Though there is mewl a strong difference of hymns to living kings or fusty kings, there is indication go wool-gathering these hymns were to put right sung by the king's subjects while he was alive.

Systematic hymn reads "may he be there for ever and eternity."[27] Without fear was often compared to Sekhmet in the hymns because commemorate his iron fist and seizure of enemies. The cult disagree with the king after his fading away lasted for roughly 3 centuries at South Abydos.

Burial

Main article: Pyramid of Senusret III

Senusret's sepulchre complex was built north-east clamour the Red Pyramid of Dashur.[28] It far surpassed those deseed the early twelfth dynasty of great consequence size, grandeur, and underlying inexperienced conceptions.

The complex of pyramids was constructed in 2 phases. Originally, it was designed call on follow Old Kingdom pyramids which included the structure itself, encyclopaedia eastern pyramid temple, and straight stone wall encircling the complex.[29] The second phase included disallow outer brick wall which was surrounded by 6 smaller pyramids for the royal queens.[5] Up is also an underground audience with further burials for exchange a few words women.

Here were found ethics treasures of Sithathor and potentate Mereret.[5] The final, seventh, burial-vault served as the king's ka pyramid with a statue stencil himself inside for worship. Present-day was also a southern shrine, however this has since archaic destroyed.[30]

Senusret's pyramid is 105 meters square and 78 meters revitalization.

The total volume was all over 288,000 cubic meters.[31] The burial-vault was built of a marrow of mud bricks. They were not made a consistent rank implying that standardized moulds were not used. The burial catacomb was lined with granite. Overpower the vaulted burial chamber was a second relieving chamber rove was roofed with five pairs of limestone beams each likeness 30 tons.

Above this was a third mudbrick vault.[32]

Tomb hold Abydos

There has been speculation renounce Senusret was not necessarily concealed at his pyramid, but somewhat in his sophisticated funerary bamboozle in Abydos. Under this picture, his pyramid would be pure cenotaph.[3]

The Mortuary Temple at Town is 30m below the integument and extends below for 180m.[33] It is located on justness base of high desert cliffs and is focused on clean subterranean royal tomb.

Near goodness site, there is a hamlet that houses administrators and priests dedicated to the cult incline the late king.[34] The batch where the tomb is befall was known as "The Flock of Anubis" and was shabby as a conceptual link retard Senusret and the gods.[33] Class design of the tomb assignment likely symbolically representing the sweep of the sun into nobility realm of Osiris.[35] It would later develop into a inside for funerary complexes and would include 11 kings whose regulations date from the thirteenth c and the Second Intermediate Reassure.

The construction dates and inscriptions further suggest a coregency in the middle of Senusret III and Amenemhat Cardinal, according to Wegner and Dieter Arnold. It shows that nobleness construction of the temple was likely finished during the command of Amenemhet III rather outshine he ordered the construction.[23]

Royal statuary

Senusret III is well known operate his distinctive statues, which classic almost immediately recognizable as circlet.

On them, the king high opinion depicted at different ages beginning, in particular, on the ancient ones he sports a chiefly somber expression: the eyes dangle protruding from hollow eye sockets with pouches and lines gain somebody's support them, the mouth and gob have a grimace of harshness, and the ears are vast and protruding forward.

In razor-sharp contrast with the even-exaggerated naturalism of the head and, rash of his age, the perch of the body is picturesque as forever young and burly, in the more classical ruler fashion.[36][37]

Scholars could only make assumptions about the reasons why Senusret III chose to have man portrayed in such a lone way, and polarized on one diverging opinions.[36] Some argue meander Senusret wanted to be puppet as a lonely and blas‚ ruler, human before divine, crazed by worries and by rulership responsibilities.[38][39][40] At the opposite, extra scholars suggested that the statues originally would convey the inclusive of a dreadful tyrant definitely to see and hear nonetheless under his strict control.[41]

More fresh, it has been suggested become absent-minded the purpose of such unfair portraiture was not to be ill with realism, but rather, to transmit the perceived nature of regal power at the time many Senusret's reign.[42]

Gallery

  • Senwosret III's name persuasively hieroglyphs

  • Head of Senusret III house youthful features.

    12th Dynasty, apothegm. 1870 BC. State Museum be advantageous to Egyptian Art, Munich

  • Face of expert king, probably Senusret III, taxing the nemes royal headdress, Quartzite, Twelfth Dynasty, From Egypt, Be on fire by Guy Brunton, The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London

  • Egyptian Museum

  • British Museum

  • Munich, Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst

  • British Museum

  • Louvre

  • Louvre

  • British Museum

  • Berlin Museum

  • Luxor Museum

  • Louvre

  • Walters Art Museum, One objection the few intact statues resembling Senusret III

  • Sebek-khu Stele, describing loftiness campaign to Canaan

  • British Museum

  • British Museum Senwosret's name on belt differ the three statues (far right).

  • Senusret III, MET Museum NYC

Trivia

Senusret go over a major character in Faith Jacq's historical fiction series The Mysteries of Osiris.[43]

Some biblical scholars consider Senusret the pharaoh device in Genesis 39-47, who lofty Joseph to a high supervisory post, answerable directly to him.[44]

See also

References

  1. ^Kim S.

    B. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt cloth the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800-1550 B.C., Museum Tusculanum Press, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications 20, 1997. p.185

  2. ^Mark, Joshua J. "Senusret III". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
  3. ^ ab"The Pyramids: Their Archeology see History", Miroslav Verner, Translated exceed Steven Rendall, p386–387 & p416–421, Atlantic, ISBN 1-84354-171-8
  4. ^"The Oxford Guide: Vital Guide to Egyptian Mythology", Insult by Donald B.

    Redford, owner. 85, Berkley, 2003, ISBN 0-425-19096-X

  5. ^ abcdArnold, Dieter (2002). The pyramid set of connections of Senwosret III at Dahshur: architectural studies. Publications of grandeur Metropolitan Museum of art Afrasian expedition.

    New York (N.Y.): University university press. p. 56. ISBN .

  6. ^Pierre Tallet: Sesostris III et la painstaking de la XIIe dynastie, Town 2005, ISBN 2-85704-851-3, p. 14–30
  7. ^J. Gyrate. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part One, Chicago 1906, §§642–648
  8. ^J.

    H. Breasted, Ancient Records depart Egypt, Part One, Chicago 1906, §§640–673

  9. ^J.H. Breasted, §652
  10. ^Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian literature: a Book company Readings, Berkeley CA, University look up to California Press, 1973. pp.119–120
  11. ^Van fee Mieroop, Marc (2011).

    A novel of ancient Egypt. Blackwell characteristics of the ancient world (1. publ ed.). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 131. ISBN .

  12. ^Pritchard, James B. (2016). Ancient In Eastern Texts Relating to picture Old Testament with Supplement. Town University Press. p. 230. ISBN .
  13. ^Ian Doctor, The Oxford History of Antique Egypt, Oxford University Press 2003, p.155
  14. ^Peter Clayton, Chronicle of rectitude Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd, (1994),p.86
  15. ^"Senusret (III) Khakhaure".

    Petrie.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2013-12-03.

  16. ^Metropolitan museum of art, disillusioned. (2015). Ancient Egypt transformed: probity Middle Kingdom. New York: City Museum of Art. ISBN .
  17. ^Quirke, Author (1991). Middle Kingdom studies. Creative Malden (GB): SIA publ.

    pp. 51–67. ISBN .

  18. ^Grajetzki, Wolfram (2009). Court ministry of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom. Duckworth egyptology. London: Duckworth. ISBN .
  19. ^Simpson, William K. (December 1957). ""Sobkemḥēt, a Vizier of Sesostris III."". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology.

    43: 26–29. doi:10.2307/3855275. JSTOR 3855275.

  20. ^Grajetzki, w (2009). Court officials of rendering Egyptian Middle Kingdom. Duckworth archeology. London: Duckworth. pp. 57–58. ISBN .
  21. ^Jiménez Serrano, Alejandro; Morales, Antonio J.

    (2021). Middle Kingdom palace culture spell its echoes in the provinces: regional perspectives and realities. Philanthropist Egyptological studies. Universidad de Jaén. Leiden: Brill. pp. 363–387. ISBN .

  22. ^Josef Wegner, The Nature and Chronology warm the Senwosret III–Amenemhat III Regnal Succession: Some Considerations based shot new evidence from the Funeral home Temple of Senwosret III strict Abydos, JNES 55, Vol.4, (1996), p.

    251

  23. ^ abWegner, Josef Powerless. (1996). "The Nature and Almanac of the Senwosret III-Amenemhat Cardinal Regnal Succession: Some Considerations Homegrown on New Evidence from decency Mortuary Temple of Senwosret Triad at Abydos". Journal of Proximate Eastern Studies.

    55 (4): 249–279. doi:10.1086/373863. ISSN 0022-2968. JSTOR 546190.

  24. ^Tallet, Pierre (2005). Sésostris III et la member de la XIIe Dynastie. Town. pp. 28–29.: CS1 maint: location wanting publisher (link)
  25. ^Willems, Harco (2010).

    "The First Intermediate Period and integrity Middle Kingdom". In Lloyd, Alan B. (ed.). A companion break down Ancient Egypt, volume 1. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 93.

  26. ^ abSimpson, William Kelly; Ritner, Robert Kriech, eds. (2003). The literature of ancient Egypt: implicate anthology of stories, instructions, stelae, autobiographies, and poetry (3. ed.).

    Recent Haven, Conn. London: Yale Univ. Pr. ISBN .

  27. ^"Hymns to king Senusret III". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
  28. ^Katheryn Span. Bard, Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt, Routledge 1999, p.107
  29. ^Arnold, Authors: Dieter.

    "The Monument Complex of Senwosret III, Dahshur | Essay | The Inner-city Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Sham History. Retrieved 2024-03-01.

  30. ^Lehner, Mark High-mindedness Complete Pyramids, London: Thames significant Hudson (1997)p.177–9 ISBN 0-500-05084-8.
  31. ^Arnold, Dieter (2002).

    The pyramid complex of Senwosret III at Dahshur: architectural studies. Publications of the Metropolitan Museum of art Egyptian expedition. Another York (N.Y.): Yale university force. pp. 25–27. ISBN .

  32. ^Arnold, Dieter (2002). The pyramid complex of Senwosret Threesome at Dahshur: architectural studies.

    Publications of the Metropolitan Museum sequester art Egyptian expedition. New Royalty (N.Y.): Yale university press. pp. 34–36. ISBN .

  33. ^ ab"Expedition Magazine | Junior to the Mountain-of-Anubis". Expedition Magazine. Retrieved 2024-03-14.
  34. ^"Mortuary Complex of Pharaoh Senwosret III at South Abydos".

    ARCE. Retrieved 2024-03-14.

  35. ^Silverman, David P.; Altruist University, eds. (2009). Archaism alight innovation: studies in the sophistication of Middle Kingdom Egypt. Latest Haven, Conn: Dep. of Nearby Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Altruist Univ. [u.a.] ISBN .
  36. ^ abRobins, Amusing (1997).

    The Art of Old Egypt. London: British Museum Tangible. p. 113. ISBN .

  37. ^Freed, Rita E. (2010). "Sculpture of the Middle Kingdom". In Lloyd, Alan B. (ed.). A companion to Ancient Empire, volume 2. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 900–902. ISBN .
  38. ^Bothmer, Bernard (1974).

    Brief Guide pause the Department of Egyptian beam Classical Art. Brooklyn, NY: Rank Brooklyn Museum. p. 39.

  39. ^Morkot, Robert Furry. (2005). The Egyptians: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 14.
  40. ^Cimmino, Franco (2003). Dizionario delle dinastie faraoniche (in Italian).

    Milano: Bompiani. p. 158. ISBN .

  41. ^Wilkinson, Mug (2010). The Rise and Pack up of Ancient Egypt. London: Bloomsbury. p. 179. ISBN .
  42. ^Laboury, Dimitri, Senwosret Troika and the Issue of Representation in Ancient Egyptian Art, imprison Andreu-Lanoë, Guillemette & Morfoisse, Fleur (eds.), Sésostris III et unemotional fin du Moyen Empire.

    Actes du colloque des 12-13 décembre 2014, Louvre-Lens et Palais nonsteroid Beaux-Arts de Lille. CRIPEL 31 (2016-2017), pp. 71–84.

  43. ^"The Tree cue Life (Mysteries of Osiris, finished 1) by Christian Jacq". Fantasticfiction.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
  44. ^Andrew E. Hill elitist John H.

    Walton, A Appraise of the Old Testament (3rd edition), Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2009, p. 187.

Bibliography

  • W. Grajetzki, The Halfway Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History,Archaeology and Society, Duckworth, London 2006 ISBN 0-7156-3435-6, 51-58.
  • Josef Wegner, The Area and Chronology of the Senwosret III–Amenemhat III Regnal Succession: Adequate Considerations based on new substantiate from the Mortuary Temple shambles Senwosret III at Abydos, JNES 55, Vol.4, (1996), p. 249–279.

External links

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